1. THE SCIENCE OF DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 1

2. DEFINING DEVELOPMENT The Science of Human Development ? 3 Crucial elements in the definition Understanding How and Why Including All Kinds of People Observing Changes Over Time

3. UNDERSTANDING HOW AND WHY Scientific Method Steps of the Scientific Method Formulate a research question oExamples? Develop a hypothesis oExamples Test the hypothesis Draw conclusions Make the findings available

4. INCLUDING ALL KINDS OF PEOPLE Diversity The challenge is to identify universalities and differences then describe them in ways that unify humanity and distinguish each human being The Nature-Nurture Debate Nature Genes Nurture Environmental Influences Nature and Nurture Always Interact How much of any characteristic, behavior, or pattern of development is the result of genes and how much is the result of experience?

5. The Nature-Nurture Debate Hyperactivity Nature They are usually boys who have male relatives with the same problem They are overactive in every context, home as well as school They are often calmed by stimulants, such as Ritalin, Adderall, and even coffee Nurture The rapid increase in ADHD (from 1 to 5 percent of all U.S. children within the past 50 years) cannot be genetic, since selective adaptation takes centuries Many environmental factors correlate with ADHD, including crowded homes, television, lead, food additives, and rigid teaching

6. THE NATURE-NURTURE DEBATE Sexual Orientation Nature v. Nurture Children raised by homosexual couples (either adopted or the biological offspring of one of the parents) become heterosexual or homosexual in about the same proportions as children raised by heterosexual couples More support for the influence of NATURE on sexual orientation Homosexual urges and heterosexual urges (Nature) Sexual orientation is different than sexual expression

7. INCLUDING ALL KINDS OF PEOPLE Critical And Sensitive Periods Critical Period A time when a particular type of developmental growth must occur for normal development For example, the fetus develops arms and legs, hands and feet, fingers and toes, each on a particular day between 28-54 days after conception. If this is disrupted, the child never develops normal limbs. oThalidomide Sensitive Period A time when a certain type of development occurs most easily For example, if a child does not master a first language during the sensitive period, they may still do so later, but might experience difficulty.

8. OBSERVING CHANGES OVER TIME Do individuals change or remain the same over time? The science of human development studies all the changes and the consistencies of human life, from conception until death. Change is lifelong

10. THE LIFESPAN PERSPECTIVE An approach to the study human development that takes into account all phases of life, from conception to death Development throughout life is Multidirectional Multicontextual Multicultural Multidisciplinary Plastic

11. THE LIFEPSAN PERSPECTIVE Development is Multidirectional Gains and losses Often occur together as people age and that losses may lead to gains or vice versa. Changes in one area may spread to other areas of development Tend to focus on declines in late adulthood oWhy is this problematic? oAre there any gains in late adulthood? Butterfly effect Example?

12. THE LIFESPAN PERSPECTIVE Development is Multicontextual The socioeconomic context How does SES affect development? The historical context Cohort How will the historical context affect your development? National trends and events affect individuals

13. DETECTING COHORT INFLUENCES

14. DETECTING COHORT DIFFERENTS Mary, Dorothy, Betty, Helen, Margaret1925 Lisa, Mary, Karen, Kimberly, Susan1965 Emily, Emma, Madison, Abigail, Olivia2005 Mary, Linda, Barbara, Patricia, Carol1945 Jessica, Ashley, Jennifer, Amanda, Sarah1985 Robert, John, William, Charles1925 Michael, John, David, James, Robert1965 Jacob, Michael, Joshua, Matthew, Ethan2005 James, Robert, John, William, Richard1945 Michael, Christopher, Matthew, Joshua, Daniel1985

15. THE LIFESPAN PERSPECTIVE Development is Multicultural How does culture affect childrearing? Learning Within A Culture Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory Guided Participation Scaffolding

16. http://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=hx84h-i3w8U Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory

17. THE LIFEPSAN PERSPECTIVE Development is Multidisciplinary Many disciplines study development Epigenetic Theory Environmental forces affect the expression of an individual’s genetic inheritance

18. THE LIFESPAN PERSPECTIVE Development is Plastic Human traits can be molded Every individual, and every trait within each individual, can be altered at any point in the life span Hope and realism

19. THEORIES OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT Developmental Theory A systematic statement of principles and generalizations that provides a coherent framework for understanding how and why people change as they grow older Lead to pivotal hypotheses Generate discoveries Offer practical guidance

20. THEORIES OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT Psychoanalytic Theory A theory of human development that holds that irrational, unconscious drives and motives, often originating in childhood, underlies human behavior Freud Erikson

21. PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory (Psychosexual Development) Freud 1856-1939 Development in the first six years has three stages, each characterized by sexual pleasure… infancy – the mouth – the oral stage early childhood – the anus – the anal stage preschool years – the penis – the phallic stage beginning of adolescence through death – latency – genital stages

22. PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development Erikson – 1902-1994 A follower of Freud, Erikson’s Theory differs from Freud’s Cultural diversity Social change Psychological crises Development throughout the lifespan Described eight developmental stages 1. Trust vs. Mistrust 2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt 3. Initiative vs. Guilt 4. Industry vs. Inferiority 5. Identity vs. Role Confusion 6. Intimacy vs. Isolation 7. Generativity vs. Stagnation 8. Integrity vs. Despair

23. BEHAVIORISM (LEARNING THEORY) Watson 1878 – 1958 A theory of human development that studies observable behavior Behaviorism arose in direct opposition to psychoanalytic theory Psychologists should study only what they could see and measure All behavior is learned Specific laws of learning apply to conditioning

25. BEHAVIORISM/LEARNING THEORY Three Learning Principles of Behaviorism Classical Conditioning A person or animal is conditioned to associate a neutral stimulus with a meaningful stimulus Who discovered classical conditioning? Classical Conditioning terms: NS, UCS, UCR, CS, CR Operant Conditioning The learning process in which the consequences that follow a behavior will serve to strengthen or weaken those behaviors Name the consequences Social Learning Theory (Observational Learning/Modeling) An extension of behaviorism The central process of social learning by which a person observes the actions of others and then copies them

26. Positive Reinforcement! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J A96Fba-WHk http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J A96Fba-WHk

27. Mistake in the video??

28. Cognitive Theory Piaget-the most famous cognitive theorist 1896-1980 A theory of human development that focuses on changes in how people think over time

29. COGNITIVE THEORY Jean Piaget’s 4 Stages Sensorimotor Preoperational Concrete Operational Formal Operational

31. USING THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD (RESEARCH METHODS) Observation A method of testing a hypothesis by unobtrusively watching and recording participants’ behavior Naturalistic observation Laboratory observation

32. USING THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD (RESEARCH METHODS) The Survey The Case Study

33. USING THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD (RESEARCH METHODS) The Experiment A research method in which the researcher tries to determine the cause-and-effect relationship between two variables Independent variable Dependent variable Experimental group Control group / Comparison group

34. DESIGN AN EXPERIMENT Research Question Will essay tests increase students’ multiple-choice final exam grades? Hypothesis Students who take essay tests will score higher final exam grades than students who take multiple-choice exams Independent Variable? Dependent Variable? Experimental Group? Control/Comparison Group?

35. STUDYING CHANGES OVER TIME Cross-Sectional Research Longitudinal Research Cross-Sequential Research (Schaie) For example, The Seattle Longitudinal Study Intellectual abilities increase throughout adulthood

37. CAUTIONS FROM SCIENCE Correlational Research Correlation Coefficient Strength / Magnitude Direction Positive Correlation Negative Correlation Conclusions Garnered from Correlational Research

38. For each of these three pairs of variables, indicate whether the correlation between them is positive, negative or nonexistent. Then try to think of a third variable that would determine the direction of the correlation.

39. TWO VARIABLESCORRELATION3 RD VARIABLE Ice cream sales & murder ratePositiveHeat Learning to read & number of baby teethNegativeAge Adult gender & number of offspringZeroEach child must have a parent of each sex; No 3 rd variable

40. QUANTITY AND QUALITY Quantitative Research Research that provides data that can be expressed with numbers Using children’s TAKS scores to measure the effectiveness of education Qualitative Research Research that considers qualities instead of quantities Descriptions of particular conditions and participants’ expressed ideas are used Open-ended questions are used

41. ETHICS American Psychological Association Code of Ethics – Protection of Research Participants Participants must sign informed consent Voluntary Harmless Confidential Deception? Debrief

42. ETHICS What should we study? Studying issues that will help humans live satisfying and productive lives Controversial Research Topics Do we know enough about prenatal drug abuse to protect every fetus? Do we know enough about the effects of poverty to enable everyone to be healthy? Do we know enough about sexual urges to eliminate AIDS, unwanted pregnancy, and sexual abuse? Do we know enough about dying to enable everyone to die with dignity?