1. Unit 6: Building Technology in Construction Learning Outcome Understand the techniques used in the construction of superstructures for low-rise domestic and commercial buildings Lesson Objective To be able to explain the techniques used for construction of stairs, windows and doors in domestic and commercial construction.

2. Unit 6: Building Technology in Construction Recap 1. What are the advantages of trussed rafters? 2. How are the truss members fixed together? 3. How are the trusses fixed in position? 4. What is the function of the bracing and binding?

3. Unit 6: Building Technology in Construction What is the primary purpose? Provide a means of circulation between floor levels. Provide a safe means of escape in case of fire. Provide a means of conveying fittings and furniture between floor levels. They must comply with Building Regulations (Part K and M). Stairs

4. Unit 6: Building Technology in Construction Stairs Look at the attached excerpt of AD Part K and answer the following:- What is the maximum rise in a private stair? What is the maximum pitch of a private stair? What are the precautions for using open treads? What governs the minimum width in a private dwelling? What is the minimum headroom?

5. Unit 6: Building Technology in Construction Stairs

6. Unit 6: Building Technology in Construction Stairs

7. Unit 6: Building Technology in Construction Prefabricated Timber Stairs

8. Unit 6: Building Technology in Construction Precast Concrete Stairs

9. Unit 6: Building Technology in Construction Prefabricated Steel Stairs

10. Unit 6: Building Technology in Construction Windows Windows must be designed to comply with the Building Regulation and are required to have a minimum U value of 1.5W/m 2 K

11. Unit 6: Building Technology in Construction Windows Insulating windows Thin glass is a good conductor of heat. Multiple glazing improves the energy performance of a window by trapping air in the space between the panes. The gap between the glazing layers must be large enough to prevent conduction occurring across a narrow air gap but not wide enough for convection currents to be set up.

12. Unit 6: Building Technology in Construction Windows Insulating windows: Low emissivity (low 'e') glass Low emissivity refers to a coating treatment to glass which can reflect heat back into the room. Solar energy can pass from the outside through the glazing and contribute to heating the room but heat energy from the interior will be reflected back into the room. A low-E coating is a microscopically thin, virtually invisible, metal or metallic oxide layer deposited directly on the surface of one or more of the panes of glass. The low-E coating reduces the infrared radiation from a warm pane of glass to a cooler pane, thereby lowering the U-factor of the window.

13. Unit 6: Building Technology in Construction Windows Insulating windows: Gas The performance of the window can be increased by introducing a gas which is heavier than air into the gap between the panes of glass. These inert gases reduce the amount of convection occurring within the gap so reducing the transmission of heat from the inner to the outer pane. The most commonly used gas is argon.

14. Unit 6: Building Technology in Construction Windows Insulating spacer bars Multiple glazing units consist of a outer glass pane and an inner glass pane, spaced and sealed with spacer bars. Spacer bars are located around the perimeter of the unit and have typically been formed from aluminium. However, with the increased energy standards, decreasing the thermal bridging through the aluminium has become increasingly important. Alternative materials for the spacer bars which have a better energy performance than aluminium and stainless steel include non-metallic materials. This is sometimes referred to as 'warm edge' technology. Materials include steel reinforced polymer, glass fibre, and structural foam.

15. Unit 6: Building Technology in Construction Windows Vacuum glazing Vacuum glazing is where, rather than containing an inert gas, the gap between the glazing panes forms a vacuum. A vacuum is an effective way of reducing the conduction and convection of heat. This technology is designed to provide a similar energy performance to double glazed units but with a substantially reduced thickness (the thickness can be as low as 6mm) in comparison with standard double glazing (usually around 24mm thick). Manufacturers also promote this glazing technology as providing improved sound insulation and reduced cold spots near windows.

16. Unit 6: Building Technology in Construction Windows U-value Single glazing (4mm glass)5.6 Double glazing 6mm gap3.3 Double glazing 16mm gap2.7 Double glazing 12mm gap and argon 2.7 Double glazing 12mm gap and low 'e' glass 2.1 Triple glazing (argon 2 x12mm cavities and low 'e' glass) 1.5

17. Unit 6: Building Technology in Construction Windows

18. Unit 6: Building Technology in Construction Doors How many different type of doors can you think of? External doors Panelled doors Glazed doors Part glazed doors Patio doors French doors Fir doors Roller shutter doors

19. Unit 6: Building Technology in Construction Doors and Windows Door and Window Schedules Doors and window schedules are used to identify and specify the details to each door and window, the furniture used on these items and any ironmongery items needed to secure the components. You need to be able to ‘read’ drawing layout plans and extract information so that you can specify what is required. Produce for the ground floor, a schedule for the following: 1.All doors including internal and external

20. Unit 6: Building Technology in Construction Doors and Windows Door schedule Door number FloorWidth mmlength mmFire ratingHandingIronmongery D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 D10 D11 D12 D13 D14 D15 D16

21. Unit 6: Building Technology in Construction Learning Outcome Understand the techniques used in the construction of superstructures for low-rise domestic and commercial buildings Lesson Objective To be able to explain the techniques used for construction of Finishes in domestic and commercial construction.

22. Unit 6: Building Technology in Construction Recap 1.What different materials are used to construct Windows? 2.What is the minimum U value for windows? 3.What is the maximum pitch of a stair? 4.What is the minimum width of a stair?

23. Unit 6: Building Technology in Construction Finishing elements A finish is the final surface of an element, which can be a self-finish, as with face brickwork, fair-faced block work and concrete, or an applied finish, such as plaster or plasterboard, wallpaper and paint.

24. Unit 6: Building Technology in Construction Finishing elements Typical examples of finishing elements are:- Internal trims (skirting, architraves and coving or cornices), What is the purpose of these trims? To mask the joint between adjacent elements External flashings Weatherproof the joints and cladding Decorative finish Cement rendering or tile hanging, which are all used to either weatherproof or give a decorative finish to external walls. Final surface An element, which can be a self-finish, as with face brickwork, fair-faced block work and concrete, or an applied finish, such as plaster or plasterboard, wallpaper and paint. What are typical

25. Unit 6: Building Technology in Construction Finishing elements Walls: Plaster In modern construction the vast majority of plaster is gypsum based. There are a variety of gypsum plasters on the market to suit all the backgrounds likely to be found in new work. Gypsum plasters are usually applied by hand in two coats to a total thickness of about 13mm. Most gypsum plasters are pre-mixed with lightweight aggregates.

26. Unit 6: Building Technology in Construction Finishing elements Walls: Plaster When the undercoat has been laid on the wall (to a thickness of about 11mm) it is brought to an even level surface and then lightly scratched to form a key for the finish coat.

27. Unit 6: Building Technology in Construction Finishing elements Walls: Plaster Some plasters are designed for machine application

28. Unit 6: Building Technology in Construction Finishing elements Walls Cement based plasters In situations where damp walls exist, or where walls are to be re-plastered following the installation of a DPC, most gypsum plasters are not suitable. Following DPC replacement it is usual to use render and floating coats of sand and cement containing a waterproofer or salt retarder to keep the salts away from the face of the plaster. The thickness will obviously depend on the nature of the wall, but will be in the region of 8-10mm per coat.

29. Unit 6: Building Technology in Construction Finishing elements Walls/ Ceilings: Plasterboard Is available in huge range of grades and sizes and is used for a variety of purposes including ceiling linings, wall linings and proprietary partition systems. It can also be used to improve thermal insulation, sound insulation, fire protection and to provide vapour control layers. Most plasterboard is self finished.

30. Unit 6: Building Technology in Construction Finishing elements Walls/ Ceilings: Plasterboard Plasterboard basically comprises a core of gypsum plaster (with added aggregates) with thick paper linings bonded either side. Their lightweight and low thermal capacity means that they will warm up quickly where heating is intermittent (eg. a typical modern domestic central heating system timed to switch on in the early morning) and will help reduce the risk of surface condensation. Plasterboard linings are not suitable for areas of high humidity or areas which are permanently damp

31. Unit 6: Building Technology in Construction Finishing elements Walls/ Ceilings: Drylining When plasterboard is used as a wall finish in place of wet plaster it is referred to as drylining. In modern construction there are two main approaches, 1.bonding the boards to adhesive dabs 2.securing the boards to metal channels which themselves have been bonded to the background.

32. Unit 6: Building Technology in Construction Finishing elements Walls/ Ceilings: Drylining

33. Unit 6: Building Technology in Construction Finishing elements Walls/ Ceilings: Drylining

34. Unit 6: Building Technology in Construction Finishing elements Walls: Drylining Some developers prefer to use plasterboard rather than wet plaster to line the walls. This keeps the amount of water used to a minimum and avoids some of the delays which can occur in wet plastering.

35. Unit 6: Building Technology in Construction Finishing elements Ceilings For the last 50 years or so plasterboard has been the automatic choice for ceilings. Traditionally plasterboard was given a skim coat of plaster, nowadays it is likely to be self finished. The construction is fairly simple although it is important to recognise that there are a number of variables including size and type of board, joist centres and ceiling finish.

36. Unit 6: Building Technology in Construction Finishing elements Ceilings Detailed guidance on the need for perimeter and centre noggings can be found in the product literature provided by the plasterboard manufacturers.

37. Unit 6: Building Technology in Construction Finishing elements Ceilings Wallboard can be finished by taping, priming (to provide even suction for the paint) and painting. Tapered edge boards will normally provide the smoothest finish, if the boards are square edged the tape will be slightly proud of the board surface and it is not so easy to get a smooth, blemish-free paint finish. Wallboard can also be plastered (some boards only have 1 face designed for plaster and this must be taken into account when fixing the boards). A 2mm plaster skim can be used, or to get a better quality finish a 5mm undercoat of bonding plaster followed by 2mm skim coat.

38. Unit 6: Building Technology in Construction Finishing elements Ceilings Beam and block floors or plank floors cannot usually have plaster applied directly to the soffit, even if the soffit is flush (it's likely to crack along the joints). The plasterboard is fixed to a timber frame work of battens fixed to the soffit of the concrete.

39. Unit 6: Building Technology in Construction Finishing elements Jointing

40. Unit 6: Building Technology in Construction Finishing elements Skimming

41. Unit 6: Building Technology in Construction Finishing elements Partitions: Timber stud

42. Unit 6: Building Technology in Construction Finishing elements Partitions: Timber stud

43. Unit 6: Building Technology in Construction Finishing elements Partitions: Metal stud Metal partitions are common in commercial construction. They are usually made from galvanised steel sections. The sections are light and easy to handle and are less likely (when compared to timber) to twist and warp.

44. Unit 6: Building Technology in Construction Finishing elements