1. thornton@terra.com.br Pyramids A pyramid's design has most of the weight closer to the ground -creating a stable structure Julian Thornton

2. thornton@terra.com.br Memphis Architects have used the pyramid structure in many places around the globe

3. thornton@terra.com.br Las Vegas

4. thornton@terra.com.br Egypt A pyramid structure can stand the test of time If it has a strong base – just like any water loss control strategy should have

5. thornton@terra.com.br Before we spend the next 3 days building your water loss strategy ask yourselves the following questions ……are you ready to answer “yes” to all of them? if so you are ready to build your strategy If not then you have some homework to do first!

6. thornton@terra.com.br The first step to recovery is to participate Your Question? Do we want to show it? Do we have data? Are my stakeholders committed? Do I want to solve it? Do I have a water loss problem or not?

7. thornton@terra.com.br Session one The annual water balance - boxing in the problem

8. thornton@terra.com.br We need a water audit A water audit identifies how much water is lost, where, and what that loss costs the utility Records and system control equipment such as meters are checked for accuracy to ensure a valid result The goal is to help the utility select and implement programs to reduce and sustain water losses and manage the utility as an efficient business Once started it never stops! as part of our improvements mapping process

9. thornton@terra.com.br Three basic types of water audit 1.Top down water balance analysis of apparent and real losses based on annual volumes - prepared using production and sales records 2.Component analysis of apparent and real losses based on the utility response to individual or groups of loss events accounting for system pressure and infrastructure condition - prepared using data from the work order management system and converted to annual volumes 3.Bottom up audit analysis of real losses based on measured night flows and pressures and converted to daily and annual volumes Each model is used to estimate levels of loss using different input data and comparisons are made Component analysis models are used for the economic calculations and selection of intervention methods

10. thornton@terra.com.br Building the strategic plan Plan Economic? Valuation - volumes Component cause & effect Sensitivity analysis – box in problem Identification volumes real and apparent loss Water balance Updating of customer data base and system plans Initial data collection, evaluation and validation Stakeholder meetings to identify issues and break down departmental walls

11. thornton@terra.com.br Remembering the IWA Water Balance System Input Volume Authorised Consumption Revenue Water Non Revenue Water Billed Authorised Consumption Unbilled Authorised Consumption Apparent Losses Real Losses Water Losses Billed Metered ConsumptionUnbilled Unmetered Consumption Unauthorised ConsumptionCustomer Meter Inaccuracies Leakage on Transmission and Distribution Mains Billed Unmetered ConsumptionUnbilled Metered Consumption Leakage on Service Connections up to point of Customer Meter Leakage and Overflows at Storage Tanks If we have no confidence in this Then this is fictitious Each input component should be validated throughout the audit process

12. thornton@terra.com.br Changing old to new Good selection practice Good installation practice Test points Bulk metering has the biggest effect on this… Photos courtesy of PWD

13. thornton@terra.com.br Not all bulk meters are ideally situated installed and maintained! If you have any like this – think about the effect on your real loss volume

14. thornton@terra.com.br System input less consumption = water loss Do we have meters? Do we have measured districts? Do we know how much our customers are using? Do we know how much the utility and government use? If so how and when do they use it?

15. thornton@terra.com.br Check final real loss with bottom up measurements Considering all of the potential inaccuracies in our measured volumes and estimates throughout the balance It is interesting to check our average resultant real loss volume from the annual water balance against bottom up district measurements Not forgetting to use NDF to correct flows to daily and then annual volumes for comparison

16. thornton@terra.com.br District analysis to identify components of real loss Time Flow 2 am4 am Pressure What’s under the curve? Consumption Breaks – Reported un fixed & un reported Background leakage

17. thornton@terra.com.br Field measurements are taken Source AWWA DSS 2005

18. thornton@terra.com.br District analysis to identify volumes of loss Recoverable breaks estimated at 184 gpm Districts are ranked for priority leak detection and repair Source AWWA DSS 2005

19. thornton@terra.com.br Leak detection and repair Source AWWA DSS 2005

20. thornton@terra.com.br Flow and pressure after leak repair ILI reduced from 5 to 1 Source AWWA DSS 2005

21. thornton@terra.com.br Building a Water Balance with 95% Confidence Limits Volume (V) [m3/d] 95% Confidence Limits (CL) Standard Deviation (SD) [=V x CL x 0.5] Variance (Va) [= SD^2] System Input Volume 300,000+/- 2 % 3,000 9,000,000 + Billed Author. Consumption 200,000+/- 1 % 1,000 1,000,000 Non-Revenue Water 100,000+/- 6 % 3,162 10,000,000 + Unbilled Author. Consumption 5,000+/- 50 % 1,250 1,562,500 Water Losses95,000+/- 7 % 3,400 11,562,500 + Commercial Losses 30,000+/- 30 % 4,500 20,250,000 Real Losses65,000+/- 17 % 5,640 31,812,500 © Roland Liemberger Example courtesy of Roland Liemberger

22. thornton@terra.com.br Volume (V) [m3/d] 95% Confidence Limits (CL) Standard Deviation (SD) [=V x CL x 0.5] Variance (Va) [= SD^2] System Input Volume 300,000+/- 2 % 3,000 9,000,000 + Billed Author. Consumption 200,000+/- 1 % 1,000 1,000,000 Non-Revenue Water 100,000+/- 6 % 3,162 10,000,000 + Unbilled Author. Consumption 5,000+/- 50 % 1,250 1,562,500 Water Losses95,000+/- 7 % 3,400 11,562,500 + Commercial Losses 30,000+/- 30 % 4,500 20,250,000 Real Losses65,000+/- 17 % 5,640 31,812,500 © Roland Liemberger Building a Water Balance with 95% Confidence Limits

23. thornton@terra.com.br Volume (V) [m3/d] 95% Confidence Limits (CL) Standard Deviation (SD) [=V x CL x 0.5] Variance (Va) [= SD^2] System Input Volume 300,000+/- 2 % 3,000 9,000,000 + Billed Author. Consumption 200,000+/- 1 % 1,000 1,000,000 Non-Revenue Water 100,000+/- 6 % 3,162 10,000,000 + Unbilled Author. Consumption 5,000+/- 50 % 1,250 1,562,500 Water Losses95,000+/- 7 % 3,400 11,562,500 + Commercial Losses 30,000+/- 30 % 4,500 20,250,000 Real Losses65,000+/- 17 % 5,640 31,812,500 + © Roland Liemberger Building a Water Balance with 95% Confidence Limits

24. thornton@terra.com.br Volume (V) [m3/d] 95% Confidence Limits (CL) Standard Deviation (SD) [=V x CL x 0.5] Variance (Va) [= SD^2] System Input Volume 300,000+/- 2 % 3,000 9,000,000 + Billed Author. Consumption 200,000+/- 1 % 1,000 1,000,000 Non-Revenue Water 100,000+/- 6 % 3,162 10,000,000 + Unbilled Author. Consumption 5,000+/- 50 % 1,250 1,562,500 Water Losses95,000+/- 7 % 3,400 11,562,500 + Commercial Losses 30,000+/- 30 % 4,500 20,250,000 Real Losses65,000+/- 17 % 5,640 31,812,500 + © Roland Liemberger Building a Water Balance with 95% Confidence Limits

25. thornton@terra.com.br Volume (V) [m3/d] 95% Confidence Limits (CL) Standard Deviation (SD) [=V x CL x 0.5] Variance (Va) [= SD^2] System Input Volume 300,000+/- 2 % 3,000 9,000,000 + Billed Author. Consumption 200,000+/- 1 % 1,000 1,000,000 Non-Revenue Water 100,000+/- 6 % 3,162 [=√ Va] 10,000,000 + Unbilled Author. Consumption 5,000+/- 50 % 1,250 1,562,500 Water Losses95,000+/- 7 % 3,400 11,562,500 + Commercial Losses 30,000+/- 30 % 4,500 20,250,000 Real Losses65,000+/- 17 % 5,640 31,812,500 + © Roland Liemberger Building a Water Balance with 95% Confidence Limits

26. thornton@terra.com.br Volume (V) [m3/d] 95% Confidence Limits (CL) Standard Deviation (SD) [=V x CL x 0.5] Variance (Va) [= SD^2] System Input Volume 300,000+/- 2 % 3,000 9,000,000 + Billed Author. Consumption 200,000+/- 1 % 1,000 1,000,000 Non-Revenue Water 100,000+/- 6 % [=SD/V/0.5] 3,162 10,000,000 + Unbilled Author. Consumption 5,000+/- 50 % 1,250 1,562,500 Water Losses95,000+/- 7 % 3,400 11,562,500 + Commercial Losses 30,000+/- 30 % 4,500 20,250,000 Real Losses65,000+/- 17 % 5,640 31,812,500 + © Roland Liemberger Building a Water Balance with 95% Confidence Limits

27. thornton@terra.com.br Volume (V) [m3/d] 95% Confidence Limits (CL) Standard Deviation (SD) [=V x CL x 0.5] Variance (Va) [= SD^2] System Input Volume 300,000+/- 2 % 3,000 9,000,000 + Billed Author. Consumption 200,000+/- 1 % 1,000 1,000,000 Non-Revenue Water 100,000+/- 6 % [=SD/V/0.5] 3,162 10,000,000 + Unbilled Author. Consumption 5,000+/- 50 % 1,250 1,562,500 Water Losses95,000+/- 7 % 3,400 11,562,500 + Commercial Losses 30,000+/- 30 % 4,500 20,250,000 Real Losses65,000+/- 17 % 5,640 31,812,500 + + © Roland Liemberger Building a Water Balance with 95% Confidence Limits

28. thornton@terra.com.br Volume (V) [m3/d] 95% Confidence Limits (CL) Standard Deviation (SD) [=V x CL x 0.5] Variance (Va) [= SD^2] System Input Volume 300,000+/- 2 % 3,000 9,000,000 + Billed Author. Consumption 200,000+/- 1 % 1,000 1,000,000 Non-Revenue Water 100,000+/- 6 % [=SD/V/0.5] 3,162 10,000,000 + Unbilled Author. Consumption 5,000+/- 50 % 1,250 1,562,500 Water Losses95,000+/- 7 % 3,400 11,562,500 + Commercial Losses 30,000+/- 30 % 4,500 20,250,000 Real Losses65,000+/- 17 % 5,640 31,812,500 + + © Roland Liemberger Building a Water Balance with 95% Confidence Limits

29. thornton@terra.com.br Volume (V) [m3/d] 95% Confidence Limits (CL) Standard Deviation (SD) [=V x CL x 0.5] Variance (Va) [= SD^2] System Input Volume 300,000+/- 2 % 3,000 9,000,000 + Billed Author. Consumption 200,000+/- 1 % 1,000 1,000,000 Non-Revenue Water 100,000+/- 6 % [=SD/V/0.5] 3,162 10,000,000 + Unbilled Author. Consumption 5,000+/- 50 % 1,250 1,562,500 Water Losses95,000+/- 7 % 3,400 11,562,500 + Commercial Losses 30,000+/- 30 % 4,500 20,250,000 Real Losses65,000+/- 17 % 5,640 31,812,500 + + © Roland Liemberger Building a Water Balance with 95% Confidence Limits

30. thornton@terra.com.br Volume (V) [m3/d] 95% Confidence Limits (CL) Standard Deviation (SD) [=V x CL x 0.5] Variance (Va) [= SD^2] System Input Volume 300,000+/- 2 % 3,000 9,000,000 + Billed Author. Consumption 200,000+/- 1 % 1,000 1,000,000 Non-Revenue Water 100,000+/- 6 % [=SD/V/0.5] 3,162 10,000,000 + Unbilled Author. Consumption 5,000+/- 50 % 1,250 1,562,500 Water Losses95,000+/- 7 % 3,400 11,562,500 + Commercial Losses 30,000+/- 30 % 4,500 20,250,000 Real Losses65,000+/- 17 % 5,640 31,812,500 + + © Roland Liemberger Building a Water Balance with 95% Confidence Limits

31. thornton@terra.com.br The question then is… Am I happy with the confidence in the resultant real loss volume If not I need to validate further key components until I reach a level of confidence which is acceptable If so then I will take the real loss volume and work with it in the component models to be presented in session three… Thank you and questions?

32. thornton@terra.com.br Interactive session Participants separate into groups Each group prepares their water balance with their data or an anonymous data set without adding confidence limits Each group adds their confidence limits Each group presents their balance and confidence limits to the whole class and we discuss the resultant confidence