1. Beginnings of Industrialization

2. Began in Britain; Late 18 th Cent.  Industrialization= Development of machine-produced goods.  Wealthy landowners bought land of poor farmers.  Created Enclosures = fenced in land of wealthy landowners  Small/poor farmers forced to become tenant farmers or move to cities  New farming technology/methods  1701= Seed drill, Jethro Tull  Crop rotation

3. Why England?  Had factors of production= Resources needed to industrialize (Land/Labor/Capital)  1) High pop & Natural resources  Water/Coal= Fuel  Iron ore= Construction  Rivers/Harbors  2) Expanding economy & efficient banking system  Availability of bank loans  3) Politically stable nation

4. Textile Industry  1 st industry impacted by industrialization.  New inventions were vital:  1) 1733= Flying shuttleFlying shuttle  2) 1764= Spinning wheelSpinning wheel  3) 1769= Water frame  4) 1779= Spinning muleSpinning mule  5) 1787= Power loomPower loom

5. Textile Industry  Inventions led to creation of factories.  Built nears rivers/streams  Key invention: Cotton gin  1793= Eli Whitney

6. Transportation Industry  1765= Steam engine, James Watt  Partnered with Matthew Bolton; Entrepreneur  Impacted England; created thousands of miles of canals to cut transportation costs  American, Robert Fulton and the steamboat  Road transportation  Companies created that built/operated roads; Turnpikes

7. Railroad Industry  1821= George Stephenson  Built 20 engines for mine operators in Northern England  Built world’s first railroad line in 1825  1830= Liverpool-Manchester Railroad opened  Effects of Railroad:  1) Sparked industrial growth; Cheaper way to transport goods  2) Created jobs  3) Boosted agricultural/fishing industries  4) Made traveling easier; People could travel to cities to work

8. Effects of Industrialization

9. Negative Effects  Urbanization= City-building/movement of people to cities  London  Birmingham & Sheffield (Iron-smelting)  Leeds & Manchester (Textiles)  Poor living conditions  Cities developed too quickly  No development plans; No sanitary or building codes  Working conditions  Factory owners wanted high production= Machines ran constantly  14 hour days/6 days a week  Child labor  Industry brought dangers to work

13. Negative Effects  Class Tensions  Due to new wealth of the middle class  Middle Class= Factory owners/shippers/merchants  Before Industrial Age, landowners/aristocrats @ top of society  Upper/Lower Middle Class lived comfortably  Working Class  No improvements in their living/working conditions  Many members of this class loss job due to machines replacing them  Led to workers riots

14. Positive Effects  Short-term  1) Created jobs  2) Nations became wealthier  3) Technological progress brought more goods to people  4) Created higher standards of living  Long-term  1) More access to consumer goods  2) Living/working conditions improved  3) Profits used to improve urban areas

15. Industrialization Spreads

16. Industrialization & the USA  U.S had same factors of production as Britain  Industrialization began with textile industry  1789= British factory worker, Samuel Slater moved to U.S, drew design of spinning machine from memory  1813= Francis Cabot Lowell & four investors created American textile industry in Massachusetts  Teenage girls/single women= labor force  12 hour days/6 days a week

17. U.S Industries Expand  After 1865, U.S experienced technological boom  Due to resources= Oil, coal, and iron  Inventions= Electric light bulb, telephone  Growing population that consumed new, manufactured goods

18. U.S Industries Expand  Railroads played a major role in expansion.