1. The Major Causes to the Civil War 1850 – 1861 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mgIsg7wK2ww Ken Burns Part 1 – History of Slavery http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gBghmvRMluY&playnext_from=TL&videos=1hCF GHK4ie4&feature=rec-LGOUT-exp_stronger_r2-2r-6-HM http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gBghmvRMluY&playnext_from=TL&videos=1hCF GHK4ie4&feature=rec-LGOUT-exp_stronger_r2-2r-6-HM Shelby Foote and the Civil War http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ucrVfUr4_ZA Battle of Bull Run

2. Kansas – Nebraska Act By 1854 it was possible for northern territories to come into the Union supporting slavery By 1854 it was possible for northern territories to come into the Union supporting slavery Popular sovereignty is supported by the government as the only possible solution to determine how states and territories enter the Union Popular sovereignty is supported by the government as the only possible solution to determine how states and territories enter the Union Stephen Douglas the “Great Compromiser” will seek a solution towards the growth of our nation and which way the states/territories enter the Union through slave or free status Stephen Douglas the “Great Compromiser” will seek a solution towards the growth of our nation and which way the states/territories enter the Union through slave or free status Douglas wants all of the territory to be settled by Americans and immigrants. He was a strong supporter of manifest destiny. While Douglas was a northern leader, he failed to recognize how much this region opposed slavery and its expansion. Douglas wants all of the territory to be settled by Americans and immigrants. He was a strong supporter of manifest destiny. While Douglas was a northern leader, he failed to recognize how much this region opposed slavery and its expansion. Abraham Lincoln served four terms in the Illinois legislature and one term in Congress. He was a junior, but promising politician that opposed the expansion of slavery Abraham Lincoln served four terms in the Illinois legislature and one term in Congress. He was a junior, but promising politician that opposed the expansion of slavery Lincoln was shocked at the passing of the Kansas-Nebraska Act and believed slavery to be, “an unqualified evil to the negro, the white man, and to the state….There can be no moral right in connection with one man’s making a slave of another.” Lincoln was shocked at the passing of the Kansas-Nebraska Act and believed slavery to be, “an unqualified evil to the negro, the white man, and to the state….There can be no moral right in connection with one man’s making a slave of another.”

3. Abraham Lincoln Outside of the Mid-west a little know politician Outside of the Mid-west a little know politician From the Whig Party and later a dominant member of the Republicans From the Whig Party and later a dominant member of the Republicans Does not know how to originally end slavery, but believes it has outlived its purpose in the nation Does not know how to originally end slavery, but believes it has outlived its purpose in the nation Slavery should be kept in the original South, but it could be banned in the new territories and states. Slavery should be kept in the original South, but it could be banned in the new territories and states. Our nation must deal with this serious problem – no more compromises and debates. Our nation must deal with this serious problem – no more compromises and debates. Prevention of slavery in the territories will be the first step in the “ultimate extinction” of this evil form of labor. Prevention of slavery in the territories will be the first step in the “ultimate extinction” of this evil form of labor.

4. Free Labor vs. Slavery Free Labor Free Labor I. All workers should be compensated I. All workers should be compensated II. Motivation from earning a wage II. Motivation from earning a wage III. Upward mobility III. Upward mobility IV. Chance to succeed in our nation IV. Chance to succeed in our nation V. The wage earner is the American way V. The wage earner is the American way Slavery Slavery I. Slaves are treated better then northern workers I. Slaves are treated better then northern workers II. Part of the Constitution (labor and property) II. Part of the Constitution (labor and property) III. Stated in the Bible III. Stated in the Bible IV. Part of the southern way of life IV. Part of the southern way of life V. Most southerners aspire to own slaves V. Most southerners aspire to own slaves

5. Lincoln - Douglas Lincoln is completely opposed to expansion of slavery, while Douglas will seek a compromise. Lincoln is completely opposed to expansion of slavery, while Douglas will seek a compromise. Douglas argues his belief to northern politicians that slavery will never succeed in Kansas because it is not completely suitable for farming Douglas argues his belief to northern politicians that slavery will never succeed in Kansas because it is not completely suitable for farming Lincoln claims that Douglas is not willing to take a stand for or against Lincoln claims that Douglas is not willing to take a stand for or against It is also the view of Lincoln that Kansas and Missouri have comparable climates and that slavery will expand into this region. The type of climate will not prevent the expansion of slavery. It is also the view of Lincoln that Kansas and Missouri have comparable climates and that slavery will expand into this region. The type of climate will not prevent the expansion of slavery. Abolitionists, Free-Soilers, northern Whigs and northern Democrats held rallies against the passing of this bill. Congress still easily passed the Kansas-Nebraska Act and it nullified the Missouri Compromise. Slavery was now possible in the Northwest. Abolitionists, Free-Soilers, northern Whigs and northern Democrats held rallies against the passing of this bill. Congress still easily passed the Kansas-Nebraska Act and it nullified the Missouri Compromise. Slavery was now possible in the Northwest. This issue would motivate southern citizens to move into the territories of Kansas and Nebraska. It presented abolitionists with a grimmer view of slavery and its historic cruelty and expansion within our nation. This issue would motivate southern citizens to move into the territories of Kansas and Nebraska. It presented abolitionists with a grimmer view of slavery and its historic cruelty and expansion within our nation.

8. Bleeding Kansas The fight over free and slave state status takes a violent turn in Kansas The fight over free and slave state status takes a violent turn in Kansas Anti-slave supporters see Kansas as a defining movement to halt slavery before it reaches the territories that border the Pacific Ocean Anti-slave supporters see Kansas as a defining movement to halt slavery before it reaches the territories that border the Pacific Ocean Pro-slavery supporters believe that slavery in Kansas will determine the survival of it in the new territories Pro-slavery supporters believe that slavery in Kansas will determine the survival of it in the new territories In 1854, 1,700 armed Missourians swarmed over the border into Kansas to vote in popular sovereignty elections to help send pro-slavery representatives to Congress. Again they used these aggressive tactics to send another 5,000 people over the border to promote slavery in 1855. In 1854, 1,700 armed Missourians swarmed over the border into Kansas to vote in popular sovereignty elections to help send pro-slavery representatives to Congress. Again they used these aggressive tactics to send another 5,000 people over the border to promote slavery in 1855. Northerners opposed these southern actions and an investigator uncovered that most of the votes in Kansas were fraudulent Northerners opposed these southern actions and an investigator uncovered that most of the votes in Kansas were fraudulent Kansas had two governments that had supported its people – 1 free – 1 slave Kansas had two governments that had supported its people – 1 free – 1 slave The anti-slavery government armed their people with guns, bibles and to show the South that they were not “abolitionist fanatics” they prevented any slaves or freed blacks from moving into their towns. The anti-slavery government armed their people with guns, bibles and to show the South that they were not “abolitionist fanatics” they prevented any slaves or freed blacks from moving into their towns.

9. Bleeding Kansas The Missourians prepared to attack the anti-slave factions that were in Lawrence, Kansas The Missourians prepared to attack the anti-slave factions that were in Lawrence, Kansas After a long cold winter, the question of slavery was still widely contested in Kansas. All eyes in the Union were watching these events unfold very closely After a long cold winter, the question of slavery was still widely contested in Kansas. All eyes in the Union were watching these events unfold very closely Killings by both sides of the slavery issue were seen in hit and run tactics Killings by both sides of the slavery issue were seen in hit and run tactics Over two hundred men had died in the fighting that erupted in Kansas during the summer of 1856. The governor was replaced by an army veteran of the US-Mexico War and he brought a partial peace to Kansas. Over two hundred men had died in the fighting that erupted in Kansas during the summer of 1856. The governor was replaced by an army veteran of the US-Mexico War and he brought a partial peace to Kansas. John Brown will emerge as a dominant anti-slavery figure that will kill to end slavery. One of his sons died in the fighting of “Bleeding Kansas.” His experience will motivate him to be a ardent fighter to end slavery in America. John Brown will emerge as a dominant anti-slavery figure that will kill to end slavery. One of his sons died in the fighting of “Bleeding Kansas.” His experience will motivate him to be a ardent fighter to end slavery in America. Kansas will strengthen the resolve of abolitionists and pro-slave activists Kansas will strengthen the resolve of abolitionists and pro-slave activists Both sides believed they were right and they gained support from the North and South. News paper stories from all American cities ran stories on the chaos in Kansas. They mostly blamed the other region for the problems Both sides believed they were right and they gained support from the North and South. News paper stories from all American cities ran stories on the chaos in Kansas. They mostly blamed the other region for the problems

10. Congressional Beating Charles Sumner of Massachusetts makes a damning speech against the roots of slavery in America and the violence in Kansas Charles Sumner of Massachusetts makes a damning speech against the roots of slavery in America and the violence in Kansas He makes several negative references towards South Carolina Senator Andrew Butler and his support of slavery in the South He makes several negative references towards South Carolina Senator Andrew Butler and his support of slavery in the South Two days later while Sumner is sitting at his desk, Representative and family member of Butler, Preston Brooks attacked Sumner. Two days later while Sumner is sitting at his desk, Representative and family member of Butler, Preston Brooks attacked Sumner. Sumner is beaten by Brooks in the middle of Congress over the issues of slavery, property and expansion. This incident is widely reported in northern and southern cities. In the South, Brooks is sent new canes to thank him for beating Sumner. Northern advocates that were against slavery will send Sumner roses to feel better. Sumner is beaten by Brooks in the middle of Congress over the issues of slavery, property and expansion. This incident is widely reported in northern and southern cities. In the South, Brooks is sent new canes to thank him for beating Sumner. Northern advocates that were against slavery will send Sumner roses to feel better. Sumner did not return to the Senate for three years and the state of Massachusetts refused to fill his congressional seat. Sumner did not return to the Senate for three years and the state of Massachusetts refused to fill his congressional seat.

11. The Dred Scott Decision The issues of free and slave states will be tackled through the conflicting notions of property, states rights and slavery The issues of free and slave states will be tackled through the conflicting notions of property, states rights and slavery Scott was a slave that was taken by his owner an army surgeon to the Wisconsin territory Scott was a slave that was taken by his owner an army surgeon to the Wisconsin territory After his owner dies, Scott is inherited by another owner. Scott petitions the Supreme Court that he is a free man with the belief that he resides north of the Missouri Compromise After his owner dies, Scott is inherited by another owner. Scott petitions the Supreme Court that he is a free man with the belief that he resides north of the Missouri Compromise Both the North and South watch this case with a keen interest. In 1857 America both the North and South strongly opposed each other and any type of political or social spark could set off secession and warfare Both the North and South watch this case with a keen interest. In 1857 America both the North and South strongly opposed each other and any type of political or social spark could set off secession and warfare All eyes were on the Supreme Court and many Americans were eagerly awaiting their decision All eyes were on the Supreme Court and many Americans were eagerly awaiting their decision

12. The Supreme Court and Scott The Supreme Court will have three major points that they will address with this case: The Supreme Court will have three major points that they will address with this case: 1. Did prolonged residence in a free state or territory make Scott free 1. Did prolonged residence in a free state or territory make Scott free 2. As a slave and a black, was Scott a citizen with the right to sue in federal courts 2. As a slave and a black, was Scott a citizen with the right to sue in federal courts 3. Was the Missouri Compromise, which had prohibited in the portion of Wisconsin territory where Scott resided, a constitutional law? 3. Was the Missouri Compromise, which had prohibited in the portion of Wisconsin territory where Scott resided, a constitutional law? The legal status of slavery in the territories for eleven years had been a chief concern The legal status of slavery in the territories for eleven years had been a chief concern The New Mexico and Utah territorial bills made provisions to approach the Supreme Court on issues of slavery and property The New Mexico and Utah territorial bills made provisions to approach the Supreme Court on issues of slavery and property There were five Supreme Court justices that were from the South and they needed the support of a northern justice to prevent the appearance that is was a sectional decision against Scott. There were five Supreme Court justices that were from the South and they needed the support of a northern justice to prevent the appearance that is was a sectional decision against Scott. The Court rules that Scott was a slave and not a citizen, blacks were not counted as citizens under the Constitution and they could be brought to any place in the nation. It was unconstitutional to prevent slaves from being disbarred from different national regions. The Court rules that Scott was a slave and not a citizen, blacks were not counted as citizens under the Constitution and they could be brought to any place in the nation. It was unconstitutional to prevent slaves from being disbarred from different national regions. The court makes this decision to prevent the start of the Civil War The court makes this decision to prevent the start of the Civil War Taney made a ruling that was not necessarily correct, but one for the time period Taney made a ruling that was not necessarily correct, but one for the time period

14. John Brown and Harpers Ferry After Bleeding Kansas, Brown intended to carry his fight against slavery to the South After Bleeding Kansas, Brown intended to carry his fight against slavery to the South Brown wanted to strike a blow against slavery at its very root within the South. He planned to capture Harpers Ferry, take the weapons at this arsenal and give them to slaves. His plan counted on the rebellion of slaves in this region with the hope of gaining large numbers that would move down the Appalachian mountains. Brown wanted to strike a blow against slavery at its very root within the South. He planned to capture Harpers Ferry, take the weapons at this arsenal and give them to slaves. His plan counted on the rebellion of slaves in this region with the hope of gaining large numbers that would move down the Appalachian mountains. Brown had the help of several northerners, some blacks and the aid of his three sons Brown had the help of several northerners, some blacks and the aid of his three sons Only a few abolitionists actually supported Brown and the revolt was quickly put down by the military leadership of Colonel Robert E. Lee and Lieutenant J.E.B. Stewart. Only a few abolitionists actually supported Brown and the revolt was quickly put down by the military leadership of Colonel Robert E. Lee and Lieutenant J.E.B. Stewart. Not one slave revolted to aid the exploits of Brown and his sons Not one slave revolted to aid the exploits of Brown and his sons

15. The Impact of Brown’s Raid Most southerners saw the failed raid by Brown as evidence that best supported their beliefs that most abolitionists were unlawful and violent. Most southerners saw the failed raid by Brown as evidence that best supported their beliefs that most abolitionists were unlawful and violent. Brown was irrational and not a good spokes person for the cause of abolitionism. Brown was irrational and not a good spokes person for the cause of abolitionism. He lost two of his sons and believed that his death will serve as a martyr to end slavery He lost two of his sons and believed that his death will serve as a martyr to end slavery Brown and six of his followers were tried by Virginia and all were hanged Brown and six of his followers were tried by Virginia and all were hanged While Brown was not successful, most southern people were scared of revolts and were now more likely to use brutal force to put down any resemblance of a strike. While Brown was not successful, most southern people were scared of revolts and were now more likely to use brutal force to put down any resemblance of a strike.

16. Brown and the North/South Republican leaders were concerned that Brown’s actions against slavery would hurt the chances of their party to get the election of Lincoln to the presidency. Most southerners viewed the Republicans as an anti-slavery political party. Republican leaders were concerned that Brown’s actions against slavery would hurt the chances of their party to get the election of Lincoln to the presidency. Most southerners viewed the Republicans as an anti-slavery political party. Brown spoke of the wickedness of slavery and viewed his death as a necessity to end this form of labor in the United States. Brown spoke of the wickedness of slavery and viewed his death as a necessity to end this form of labor in the United States. After his death, northern papers glorified his actions, bells rang and gun salutes could be heard After his death, northern papers glorified his actions, bells rang and gun salutes could be heard The South believed that Brown represented the total feelings of the North and they would oppose any strong leader from the Republican Party. The South believed that Brown represented the total feelings of the North and they would oppose any strong leader from the Republican Party. Southern Unionists that supported slavery and the formation of the government were now motivated to switch sides to the southern cause. They saw the actions of Brown and the support that he received as detrimental to the survival of the South in 1859-1860. Southern Unionists that supported slavery and the formation of the government were now motivated to switch sides to the southern cause. They saw the actions of Brown and the support that he received as detrimental to the survival of the South in 1859-1860.

17. Congressional Beating – Sumner and Brooks

18. The 1850’s Weak American Presidential leadership Weak American Presidential leadership The Compromise of 1850 and the Kansas-Nebraska Act were failures The Compromise of 1850 and the Kansas-Nebraska Act were failures Bleeding Kansas Bleeding Kansas Lincoln-Douglas Debates – property rights within the new territories Lincoln-Douglas Debates – property rights within the new territories Congressional Beating Congressional Beating Uncle Tom’s Cabin – Harriet Beecher Stowe Uncle Tom’s Cabin – Harriet Beecher Stowe Popular Sovereignty Popular Sovereignty Free Labor vs. Slavery Free Labor vs. Slavery John Brown and Harpers Ferry John Brown and Harpers Ferry

19. The Election of 1860 Southern Democrats held their political convention in Charleston, South Carolina Southern Democrats held their political convention in Charleston, South Carolina It had been custom that all hopeful presidential candidates needed 2/3’s support from their convention. It had been custom that all hopeful presidential candidates needed 2/3’s support from their convention. Stephen A. Douglas was a northern Democrat that would never gain this endorsement from his party. The South view him as a compromiser and do not know his future intentions of supporting or ending slavery in the territories. Stephen A. Douglas was a northern Democrat that would never gain this endorsement from his party. The South view him as a compromiser and do not know his future intentions of supporting or ending slavery in the territories. Fifty southern Democrats walked out of the convention and their party was in disarray Fifty southern Democrats walked out of the convention and their party was in disarray John Brekinridge of Kentucky would run on the platform of states rights and pro- slavery John Brekinridge of Kentucky would run on the platform of states rights and pro- slavery John Bell of Tennessee was nominated by the Constitutional Union Party. He had no chance of winning the presidency, but his group wanted to advocated a conservative approach to the election and prevent any galvanizing exploits to end slavery. John Bell of Tennessee was nominated by the Constitutional Union Party. He had no chance of winning the presidency, but his group wanted to advocated a conservative approach to the election and prevent any galvanizing exploits to end slavery. All eyes were on the Election of 1860 All eyes were on the Election of 1860

20. Republican Nomination of Lincoln The Republicans nominate Lincoln with the full knowledge that they will never receive any votes from the 15 southern states. The Republicans nominate Lincoln with the full knowledge that they will never receive any votes from the 15 southern states. The Republicans were concerned that Douglas could split the North with his ability to carry Pennsylvania, Illinois and Indiana The Republicans were concerned that Douglas could split the North with his ability to carry Pennsylvania, Illinois and Indiana William H. Seward was a governor and senator from New York. He was by far the most experienced Republican leader. Seward was a dominant politician that had many enemies. He was thought to be too radical and went against the natitvists. William H. Seward was a governor and senator from New York. He was by far the most experienced Republican leader. Seward was a dominant politician that had many enemies. He was thought to be too radical and went against the natitvists. Lincoln held many of the same views of Seward, but he was not as radical and was seen as a better fit for the Republicans. Lincoln held many of the same views of Seward, but he was not as radical and was seen as a better fit for the Republicans. Seward lost the Republican bid to Lincoln, but he was graceful and accepted the political situation. The Republicans were better prepared to fight for the presidency in 1860 then the Democrats Seward lost the Republican bid to Lincoln, but he was graceful and accepted the political situation. The Republicans were better prepared to fight for the presidency in 1860 then the Democrats

21. The South and the Election of 1860 The South never had the financial or economic clout of the North. They made up for these shortcomings with the ability to win the presidency. The South never had the financial or economic clout of the North. They made up for these shortcomings with the ability to win the presidency. From 1789-1860, two-thirds of our leaders were southern candidates that were elected as Presidents. No northern President ever won a re-election. Two-thirds of the Speakers of the House and presidents pro tem of the Senate were all southerners. From 1789-1860, two-thirds of our leaders were southern candidates that were elected as Presidents. No northern President ever won a re-election. Two-thirds of the Speakers of the House and presidents pro tem of the Senate were all southerners. Southern justices in the Supreme Court had been the majority of this branch of government since 1791 Southern justices in the Supreme Court had been the majority of this branch of government since 1791 The South realized that Lincoln presented a grave danger to their way of life. From the beginning of his presidential aspirations, many southerners realized they would never live under the leadership of Lincoln. The South realized that Lincoln presented a grave danger to their way of life. From the beginning of his presidential aspirations, many southerners realized they would never live under the leadership of Lincoln. One secessionist stated, if Georgia remained in the Union “ruled by Lincoln and his crew, in ten years or less our children will be the slaves of negroes.” One secessionist stated, if Georgia remained in the Union “ruled by Lincoln and his crew, in ten years or less our children will be the slaves of negroes.” Most whites in the South voted for Breckinridge who carried 11 slave states. Bell won upper-South states of Virginia, Kentucky and Tennessee. Missouri went to Douglas (the only state he carried). Lincoln won every northern state and won the election Most whites in the South voted for Breckinridge who carried 11 slave states. Bell won upper-South states of Virginia, Kentucky and Tennessee. Missouri went to Douglas (the only state he carried). Lincoln won every northern state and won the election

23. Lincoln and the Transition of Power Lincoln must wait until March of 1861 to be sworn in as President Lincoln must wait until March of 1861 to be sworn in as President President James Buchanan does little to prevent the earliest southern states from seceding. He gives to main reasons for this inactivity: President James Buchanan does little to prevent the earliest southern states from seceding. He gives to main reasons for this inactivity: 1. The states created the Union and they therefore could leave the nation if they wish to do so 1. The states created the Union and they therefore could leave the nation if they wish to do so 2. He believed that doing nothing would give Lincoln a clean slate for him to handle this crisis. It was possible that any presidential actions could further hurt the United States at this time. 2. He believed that doing nothing would give Lincoln a clean slate for him to handle this crisis. It was possible that any presidential actions could further hurt the United States at this time. Lincoln right away pushes the Republican leaders not to accept any future compromises over slavery and territories. Lincoln right away pushes the Republican leaders not to accept any future compromises over slavery and territories. Compromise will not solve the problems of the nation, in Lincoln’s House Divided Speech, he states that a “crisis must be reached and passed.” Compromise will not solve the problems of the nation, in Lincoln’s House Divided Speech, he states that a “crisis must be reached and passed.” Lincoln told people that he would not end slavery in the South, enforce the Fugitive Slave Act and would do nothing against interstate trade slave laws Lincoln told people that he would not end slavery in the South, enforce the Fugitive Slave Act and would do nothing against interstate trade slave laws The lower South was seceding because they knew that there was no compromise with the Republicans over slavery The lower South was seceding because they knew that there was no compromise with the Republicans over slavery

25. The Confederacy Jefferson Davis believed that “no human power could save the Union and that all cotton states will secede.” A future settlement was totally out of the question. Jefferson Davis believed that “no human power could save the Union and that all cotton states will secede.” A future settlement was totally out of the question. The Confederacy was quickly created to ensure the support and expansion of slavery into the territories. While the Constitution allowed strong rights for the states and individuals the South always advocated a greater expansion of these rights. The Confederacy was quickly created to ensure the support and expansion of slavery into the territories. While the Constitution allowed strong rights for the states and individuals the South always advocated a greater expansion of these rights. The Confederate Constitution established: The Confederate Constitution established: 1 six year term for a President and Vice President 1 six year term for a President and Vice President Cabinet leaders could speak on the floor of Congress Cabinet leaders could speak on the floor of Congress Forbade protective tariffs Forbade protective tariffs Never any laws that hurt states rights and slavery Never any laws that hurt states rights and slavery Most of the leaders chosen to guide the Confederacy were moderates to show the upper South that Radicals were not leading this new nation Most of the leaders chosen to guide the Confederacy were moderates to show the upper South that Radicals were not leading this new nation

26. Fort Sumter and the End of Peace The Civil War causes were well developed before the secession of southern states and the election of Lincoln in 1860 The Civil War causes were well developed before the secession of southern states and the election of Lincoln in 1860 Lincoln believed that the Union could not be an aggressor with using force to bring back the southern states. If a war was going to occur it would have to be the South that would make the first move against peace. Lincoln believed that the Union could not be an aggressor with using force to bring back the southern states. If a war was going to occur it would have to be the South that would make the first move against peace. In his inaugural address, Lincoln would not attack the South, but he would protect Union citizens, property and the laws. He was still offering the olive branch of peace to our southern brethren In his inaugural address, Lincoln would not attack the South, but he would protect Union citizens, property and the laws. He was still offering the olive branch of peace to our southern brethren Buchanan believed that while he was an outgoing President that the North could not give up Fort Sumter to the South Buchanan believed that while he was an outgoing President that the North could not give up Fort Sumter to the South The army sent a merchant ship with reinforcements to Charleston harbor to resupply the fort with men and materials. News leaked out of the re- supplying and the ship was fired upon and forced to return North. The army sent a merchant ship with reinforcements to Charleston harbor to resupply the fort with men and materials. News leaked out of the re- supplying and the ship was fired upon and forced to return North. On March 5, 1861, Lincoln was given a report that stated if the North did not resupply Fort Sumter it would soon fall to the South. On March 5, 1861, Lincoln was given a report that stated if the North did not resupply Fort Sumter it would soon fall to the South. Lincoln received much support not to turn over this fort and to fight Lincoln received much support not to turn over this fort and to fight

27. Fort Sumter and the American Civil War Lincoln was giving conflicting information on how to handle this crisis. Lincoln was giving conflicting information on how to handle this crisis. Secretary of Seward believed that Lincoln should abandon the fort and went as far as telling this to southern leaders in Washington Secretary of Seward believed that Lincoln should abandon the fort and went as far as telling this to southern leaders in Washington Lincoln received negative press pushing him to move against the South and protecting his soldiers that were facing a crisis at Sumter Lincoln received negative press pushing him to move against the South and protecting his soldiers that were facing a crisis at Sumter He agreed to allow a supply effort at night that would be difficult for Confederate forces to attack He agreed to allow a supply effort at night that would be difficult for Confederate forces to attack Seward wanted peace and had designs on higher political posts that propelled him into the political limelight. He wanted to push the United States into another war against the European powers. Seward thought that England, France, Spain and Russia all violated the Monroe Doctrine and if the United States fought them it would reunify our nation. Seward wanted peace and had designs on higher political posts that propelled him into the political limelight. He wanted to push the United States into another war against the European powers. Seward thought that England, France, Spain and Russia all violated the Monroe Doctrine and if the United States fought them it would reunify our nation. Lincoln agreed to allow two sets of ships to head to Charleston. The first was a resupply effort of food and medicine, if they were attacked, secondary ships of men and materials would be used to force their way into the harbor. Lincoln agreed to allow two sets of ships to head to Charleston. The first was a resupply effort of food and medicine, if they were attacked, secondary ships of men and materials would be used to force their way into the harbor. It was Lincoln who proposed to tell the South of these initiatives and to pressure them into allowing an humanitarian and not a military mission into South Carolina. It was Lincoln who proposed to tell the South of these initiatives and to pressure them into allowing an humanitarian and not a military mission into South Carolina.

28. Southern Response The South would never allow any Federal forts to operate within their borders. The South would never allow any Federal forts to operate within their borders. Fort Sumter had been a lighting rod for the Confederate government to never allow it to fall back into Union hands Fort Sumter had been a lighting rod for the Confederate government to never allow it to fall back into Union hands All forts on Confederate territory must be taken through negotiations or force. All forts on Confederate territory must be taken through negotiations or force. On April 9, 1861, the Confederates demanded a surrender of the fort before it could be resupplied. Once the garrison replied that it would not surrender on April 12 th the Confederate forces opened fire and initially started the war between the states. On April 9, 1861, the Confederates demanded a surrender of the fort before it could be resupplied. Once the garrison replied that it would not surrender on April 12 th the Confederate forces opened fire and initially started the war between the states. Without the resupply of vital forces, outgunned and manned and after thirty three hours of being bombed, the garrison at Fort Sumter surrendered to the Confederates. Without the resupply of vital forces, outgunned and manned and after thirty three hours of being bombed, the garrison at Fort Sumter surrendered to the Confederates. On April 14, the Confederates took over the fort and replaced the American flag with the Stars and Bars On April 14, the Confederates took over the fort and replaced the American flag with the Stars and Bars Major Robert Anderson marched his tired, wounded and hungry men out of the fort to the cheers and jeers of the Confederates and the start of a terrible four year total war. Major Robert Anderson marched his tired, wounded and hungry men out of the fort to the cheers and jeers of the Confederates and the start of a terrible four year total war.

30. The Anaconda Plan Blockade the coast of the South to prevent the export of cotton, tobacco, and other cash crops from the South and to keep them from importing much needed war supplies. Blockade the coast of the South to prevent the export of cotton, tobacco, and other cash crops from the South and to keep them from importing much needed war supplies. Divide the South by controlling the Mississippi River to cut the South off from the west. Divide the South by controlling the Mississippi River to cut the South off from the west. Divide the South by capturing the Tennessee River Valley and marching through Georgia to the coast. Divide the South by capturing the Tennessee River Valley and marching through Georgia to the coast. Capture Richmond, Virginia, the capital of the Confederate States of America Capture Richmond, Virginia, the capital of the Confederate States of America Pressure the Confederacy to fight a larger Union army and destroy their means to make war. If the Union could strangle the South, it would not be able to trade its main cash crops of Cotton and Tobacco to Europe. With a lack of trade, it would not have the financial capital or weapons to wage war. Pressure the Confederacy to fight a larger Union army and destroy their means to make war. If the Union could strangle the South, it would not be able to trade its main cash crops of Cotton and Tobacco to Europe. With a lack of trade, it would not have the financial capital or weapons to wage war. The Union had advantages in population, logistics, resources and factories The Union had advantages in population, logistics, resources and factories The Anaconda Plan problems: The Anaconda Plan problems: The Union was not militarily equipped to invade the South and to hold onto large pieces of land The Union was not militarily equipped to invade the South and to hold onto large pieces of land The naval embargo saw the Union patrol thousands of miles of sea shore to prevent shipping to the South The naval embargo saw the Union patrol thousands of miles of sea shore to prevent shipping to the South The Confederacy was twice as large as Europe and larger then the original 13 Colonies The Confederacy was twice as large as Europe and larger then the original 13 Colonies

31. The South and the Civil War From the onset of the war the South realized they were not as fortunate as the North to wage a massive war From the onset of the war the South realized they were not as fortunate as the North to wage a massive war The South believed: The South believed: 1. They had better military leaders then the North 1. They had better military leaders then the North 2. The Union was the aggressor that was invading their lands 2. The Union was the aggressor that was invading their lands 3. Southern soldiers were better fighters because they were more inclined to work and live outside 3. Southern soldiers were better fighters because they were more inclined to work and live outside 4. Many northern states were Unionists that actually supported slavery 4. Many northern states were Unionists that actually supported slavery 5. The cost of the war would financially strangle the Union 5. The cost of the war would financially strangle the Union 6. Most southern people did not believe that Lincoln could run the war effort and that the Union had the stomach for the fighting 6. Most southern people did not believe that Lincoln could run the war effort and that the Union had the stomach for the fighting

32. Bull Run and Fighting Union soldiers were mostly established from a small army and militia forces Union soldiers were mostly established from a small army and militia forces On July 21 st both Union and Confederate forces met in Virginia outside of Washington DC On July 21 st both Union and Confederate forces met in Virginia outside of Washington DC The Union soldiers were not prepared for the fighting, but believed that Confederate forces would retreat from their positions. The Union soldiers were not prepared for the fighting, but believed that Confederate forces would retreat from their positions. Union soldiers crossed Bull Run a small stream 25 miles from Washington and met Confederate forces. At first the Union drove the rebels from the field and believed that a victory was at hand. Union soldiers crossed Bull Run a small stream 25 miles from Washington and met Confederate forces. At first the Union drove the rebels from the field and believed that a victory was at hand. By mid afternoon the Confederates had reinforcements and the Union forces were routed from the field. They dropped their packets, food, weapons and were only slowed by the amount of horse and buggy carts that were on the roads. The rebels slowed their pursuit to forage through all of the materials that were left behind by the Union soldiers. By mid afternoon the Confederates had reinforcements and the Union forces were routed from the field. They dropped their packets, food, weapons and were only slowed by the amount of horse and buggy carts that were on the roads. The rebels slowed their pursuit to forage through all of the materials that were left behind by the Union soldiers. This defeat thoroughly embarrassed the Union and Lincoln realized the Union needed a trained and equipped army to invade the South. He asked Congress for the authorization to gain a 1 million man army for the North. This defeat thoroughly embarrassed the Union and Lincoln realized the Union needed a trained and equipped army to invade the South. He asked Congress for the authorization to gain a 1 million man army for the North. The South was provided a morale boost for this victory against the North. It reaffirmed their right in the course and direction of the war. They believed in their leadership and the inability of the northern soldier to pose a serious threat. The South was provided a morale boost for this victory against the North. It reaffirmed their right in the course and direction of the war. They believed in their leadership and the inability of the northern soldier to pose a serious threat.

33. The emergence of George B. McClellan West Point Graduate West Point Graduate A veteran of the US-Mexico War A veteran of the US-Mexico War Seen as a rising star within American military ranks. Seen as a rising star within American military ranks. A very smart, but cautious leader A very smart, but cautious leader He will create and train the Army of the Potomac He will create and train the Army of the Potomac Lincoln will task the 34 year old McClellan to replace General Winfield Scott to attack, destroy and defeat the South. Lincoln will task the 34 year old McClellan to replace General Winfield Scott to attack, destroy and defeat the South. This was a decision that Lincoln would regret, this capable and efficient officer was not cut out for the brutal fighting of the Civil War. This was a decision that Lincoln would regret, this capable and efficient officer was not cut out for the brutal fighting of the Civil War. Both men detested each other and this automatically impacted the success of the Union war effort Both men detested each other and this automatically impacted the success of the Union war effort

35. The Union and the War Effort The war materials and sheer size of the Union will not be enough to deter the aggressiveness of the South to wage war. The war materials and sheer size of the Union will not be enough to deter the aggressiveness of the South to wage war. The North loses its first main engagement against the South at Bull Run The North loses its first main engagement against the South at Bull Run McClellan was too slow to engage the Confederate army and make a push towards Richmond. The war would not be over by Christmas and Lincoln needed a trained army. McClellan was too slow to engage the Confederate army and make a push towards Richmond. The war would not be over by Christmas and Lincoln needed a trained army. The navy blockaded southern ports and boarded English ships to enforce the embargo. The Trent Affair almost caused a serious rift between the United States and England. The navy blockaded southern ports and boarded English ships to enforce the embargo. The Trent Affair almost caused a serious rift between the United States and England. The South wanted to exploit this to ensure that the Union had a two front war and they would receive British recognition The South wanted to exploit this to ensure that the Union had a two front war and they would receive British recognition

36. General Ulysses S. Grant The Union army in 1862 was not a dominant military force. It lacked creative leadership to actively go after and defeat the Confederate forces. Much of the eastern officers refused to take risks and engage the enemy. McClellan symbolized the poor showing of our army. The Union army in 1862 was not a dominant military force. It lacked creative leadership to actively go after and defeat the Confederate forces. Much of the eastern officers refused to take risks and engage the enemy. McClellan symbolized the poor showing of our army. Grant was a US-Mexico War veteran that was forced out of the service for drinking on duty Grant was a US-Mexico War veteran that was forced out of the service for drinking on duty He spent ten years out of the army and almost at times near poverty. Grant at the start of the war tried to get a commission in the Union army, but they saw him as an burned out and failed army officer. He spent ten years out of the army and almost at times near poverty. Grant at the start of the war tried to get a commission in the Union army, but they saw him as an burned out and failed army officer. He was one of the best army horseback riders in the nation and determined to get back in the service to fight the South. He was one of the best army horseback riders in the nation and determined to get back in the service to fight the South. When the war starts McClellan refuses to see Grant or give him a position in the army. He knows that Grant traveled to St. Louis and waited two days to see him. McClellan could have easily given Grant a leadership position. When the war starts McClellan refuses to see Grant or give him a position in the army. He knows that Grant traveled to St. Louis and waited two days to see him. McClellan could have easily given Grant a leadership position. Grant is given a position within the Illinois government to help organize and supply their militias for the upcoming fighting. Right away Grant goes to work and quickly organizes the service and turns the government buildings into a military headquarters. Grant is given a position within the Illinois government to help organize and supply their militias for the upcoming fighting. Right away Grant goes to work and quickly organizes the service and turns the government buildings into a military headquarters. The governor gives Grant the rank of Colonel. This is the start of his rebirth within the American army. The governor gives Grant the rank of Colonel. This is the start of his rebirth within the American army.

38. The Powers of Lincoln The South will grant their government and people more liberal rights that will allow greater say within and against the leadership. The strong states rights stance will only hurt the foundations of the Confederacy to wage war. The South will grant their government and people more liberal rights that will allow greater say within and against the leadership. The strong states rights stance will only hurt the foundations of the Confederacy to wage war. Lincoln was seen as a political novice compared to the experience of Jefferson Davis. He did all of the following to expand his power over the people, government and to run the war effort: Lincoln was seen as a political novice compared to the experience of Jefferson Davis. He did all of the following to expand his power over the people, government and to run the war effort: Suspend Habeas Corpus and to arrest opposition and news paper reporters/publishers Suspend Habeas Corpus and to arrest opposition and news paper reporters/publishers Never declared war on the South this is an internal fight between family members and the Confederacy is not a nation Never declared war on the South this is an internal fight between family members and the Confederacy is not a nation Allows the border states of Kentucky, Missouri, Delaware and Maryland to retain their slave until the end of the war Allows the border states of Kentucky, Missouri, Delaware and Maryland to retain their slave until the end of the war Mobilizes a huge army and navy to prevent the total secession of the South Mobilizes a huge army and navy to prevent the total secession of the South Lincoln places Grant the lead command to defeat the Confederates and end the war Lincoln places Grant the lead command to defeat the Confederates and end the war

40. The Fighting 1861 - 1863 Very few victories are accomplished by the Union leadership in the East. Very few victories are accomplished by the Union leadership in the East. McClellan will run the, train, equip and lead the army into battle with his main goal of attacking and destroying Lee’s forces McClellan will run the, train, equip and lead the army into battle with his main goal of attacking and destroying Lee’s forces Lee sought the invasion Maryland. He wanted: Lee sought the invasion Maryland. He wanted: 1. To gain a victory on northern soil 1. To gain a victory on northern soil 2. Hurt the morale of the North 2. Hurt the morale of the North 3. Show the fighting ability of his soldiers 3. Show the fighting ability of his soldiers 4. Force McClellan to make decisions and fight 4. Force McClellan to make decisions and fight

41. Antietam Lee’s northern invasion of Maryland Lee’s northern invasion of Maryland This is one of the bloodiest days of fighting during the entire war This is one of the bloodiest days of fighting during the entire war One Pennsylvania soldier stated, “No tongue can tell, no mind conceive, no pen portray the horrible sights I witnessed this morning.” One Pennsylvania soldier stated, “No tongue can tell, no mind conceive, no pen portray the horrible sights I witnessed this morning.” A Wisconsin man called the fearful battle “a great tumbling together of all heaven and earth. A Wisconsin man called the fearful battle “a great tumbling together of all heaven and earth. A Confederate Colonel termed it “artillery hell.” A Confederate Colonel termed it “artillery hell.” Lee did not entrench his poorly held positions and suffered heavy casualties that were comparable to McClellan’s Union Forces. Lee did not entrench his poorly held positions and suffered heavy casualties that were comparable to McClellan’s Union Forces. 13,724 Confederates to 12,469, with 12,000 of Lee’s men captured. The Confederates were forced to retreat back into Northern Virginia. 13,724 Confederates to 12,469, with 12,000 of Lee’s men captured. The Confederates were forced to retreat back into Northern Virginia. Lincoln gained a strong victory against Lee and the South. He was dismayed at the inability of McClellan to close in for the kill of the Army of Northern Virginia. Many believe that McClellan lacked the stomach to finish off Lee. Lincoln gained a strong victory against Lee and the South. He was dismayed at the inability of McClellan to close in for the kill of the Army of Northern Virginia. Many believe that McClellan lacked the stomach to finish off Lee. While Lee invaded Maryland a border state, he did not receive much support with many of the stores, people and towns cold to the southern invaders. While Lee invaded Maryland a border state, he did not receive much support with many of the stores, people and towns cold to the southern invaders.

42. Grant in the West Grant attacked the Missouri town of Belmont. It was a small battle in comparison to the fighting of the Civil War. Grant attacked the Missouri town of Belmont. It was a small battle in comparison to the fighting of the Civil War. This battle was a trial by fire for Grant and his command. At first his men defeated the Confederate troops only to pillage this area and to rejoice in their victory. Some time later, Confederate reinforcements were sent to push Grant out of this town. This battle was a trial by fire for Grant and his command. At first his men defeated the Confederate troops only to pillage this area and to rejoice in their victory. Some time later, Confederate reinforcements were sent to push Grant out of this town. It was a limited battle that saw an inexperienced Grant, but Lincoln was happy to see one of his officers lead men into battle. Lincoln wanted action – “any action.” It was a limited battle that saw an inexperienced Grant, but Lincoln was happy to see one of his officers lead men into battle. Lincoln wanted action – “any action.” Grant was given a command of a regiment that lacked the will and preparation to fight. In short time, he turned these men into a competent military force and this earned him a promotion to Brigadier General. Grant was given a command of a regiment that lacked the will and preparation to fight. In short time, he turned these men into a competent military force and this earned him a promotion to Brigadier General. Congressmen Elihu B. Washburne would be directly responsible for the rise of Grant to higher ranks and responsibilities. Congressmen Elihu B. Washburne would be directly responsible for the rise of Grant to higher ranks and responsibilities.

44. Fort Henry and Fort Donelson Grant always believed in the need to control the rivers of the Midwest. These highways were important for the Union war effort to disrupt and destroy the Confederate army. Grant always believed in the need to control the rivers of the Midwest. These highways were important for the Union war effort to disrupt and destroy the Confederate army. Unlike McClellan who had only known success, Grant was willing to take more risks with his actions against the Confederates. Unlike McClellan who had only known success, Grant was willing to take more risks with his actions against the Confederates. With Union gunboats that were attacking from the rivers and about 17,000 soldiers Grant attack and took Fort Henry. This was a major southern fort on the Tennessee River. With Union gunboats that were attacking from the rivers and about 17,000 soldiers Grant attack and took Fort Henry. This was a major southern fort on the Tennessee River. Grant was attacked by a strong Confederate force that made him rely on Union reinforcement that would make the size of his army to about 27,000 men. Grant was attacked by a strong Confederate force that made him rely on Union reinforcement that would make the size of his army to about 27,000 men. Under the calmness of fire, Grant gave strong orders as the Confederates constantly attacked his lines. By February 16, 1862, the Confederates were cut off from the Cumberland River and from any reinforcements to reach their fort. The Confederate commander asked Grant for surrender terms and he was told that the Union army would only accept “Unconditional Surrender” or it would keep fighting until they were completely destroyed. Under the calmness of fire, Grant gave strong orders as the Confederates constantly attacked his lines. By February 16, 1862, the Confederates were cut off from the Cumberland River and from any reinforcements to reach their fort. The Confederate commander asked Grant for surrender terms and he was told that the Union army would only accept “Unconditional Surrender” or it would keep fighting until they were completely destroyed.

45. 1863 – Decisive Year - Gettysburg Robert E. Lee believed that if he could strike a victory on northern soil it would have an adverse impact on the Union war effort. A victory could: Robert E. Lee believed that if he could strike a victory on northern soil it would have an adverse impact on the Union war effort. A victory could: Disrupt the Union war effort Disrupt the Union war effort Prove to northerners that the South could win the war and keep fighting Prove to northerners that the South could win the war and keep fighting Make continued fighting to be unpopular in the North and pressure Lincoln to seek peace Make continued fighting to be unpopular in the North and pressure Lincoln to seek peace Bring the war to the North and make them feel the pressure of battle and destruction on their soil Bring the war to the North and make them feel the pressure of battle and destruction on their soil Gain a large victory and move from the North to an exposed Washington DC Gain a large victory and move from the North to an exposed Washington DC Lee’s gamble fails as the Union will deploy its forces to meet them at Gettysburg for one of the worst battles on American soil. The Union defeat’s Lee and pushes the army of Northern Virginia out of Pennsylvania. Lee’s gamble fails as the Union will deploy its forces to meet them at Gettysburg for one of the worst battles on American soil. The Union defeat’s Lee and pushes the army of Northern Virginia out of Pennsylvania. General George Meade gains a great victory, but fails to pursue Lee and finally destroy his ability to fight. The war continues for another two years. General George Meade gains a great victory, but fails to pursue Lee and finally destroy his ability to fight. The war continues for another two years. From 1863-1865, the South will never again invade the North and they are not able to replenish their losses. From 1863-1865, the South will never again invade the North and they are not able to replenish their losses.

46. Vicksburg and Grant Grant was the only general that continually fought the Confederates to seek victory Grant was the only general that continually fought the Confederates to seek victory From 1861-1865, Grant would know both success and failure, but he was one of the few generals to always apply pressure against strong Confederate armies to take strategic positions, rivers and to move into the southern interior From 1861-1865, Grant would know both success and failure, but he was one of the few generals to always apply pressure against strong Confederate armies to take strategic positions, rivers and to move into the southern interior Grant will take the Confederate positions, forts, garrison and citizens at strong enemy held positions at Vicksburg, Mississippi. Grant will take the Confederate positions, forts, garrison and citizens at strong enemy held positions at Vicksburg, Mississippi. This gamble by Grant divided the South and gave full control of the Mississippi to the Union This gamble by Grant divided the South and gave full control of the Mississippi to the Union The South will never regain from this loss and Grant will be propelled to the limelight of controlling the Union war effort The South will never regain from this loss and Grant will be propelled to the limelight of controlling the Union war effort Lincoln will see Grant as his fighting general and will support his plans for the rest of the war. Lincoln will see Grant as his fighting general and will support his plans for the rest of the war.

47. 1864-1865 President Abraham Lincoln runs and wins re-election. Some believed that it was possible for him to lose as he was highly unpopular. President Abraham Lincoln runs and wins re-election. Some believed that it was possible for him to lose as he was highly unpopular. Lincoln continues the war effort to destroy the Confederacy and preserve the Union. By 1865, the South will continue to fight within a losing cause. Lincoln continues the war effort to destroy the Confederacy and preserve the Union. By 1865, the South will continue to fight within a losing cause. Grant will fight and lose some battles to Lee, but he will use all of the assets and resources of the Union to destroy the South. Lee is unable to replace any of his losses. Grant will fight and lose some battles to Lee, but he will use all of the assets and resources of the Union to destroy the South. Lee is unable to replace any of his losses. General William Tecumseh Sherman will march through out Georgia and in the Carolina’s to not only fight and destroy Confederate armies, but also their territory – “War is Hell.” General William Tecumseh Sherman will march through out Georgia and in the Carolina’s to not only fight and destroy Confederate armies, but also their territory – “War is Hell.” The war is brought to the homes of the Confederate soldiers, they are not able to win the war on the battlefields and their homes are destroyed. The war is brought to the homes of the Confederate soldiers, they are not able to win the war on the battlefields and their homes are destroyed. By the spring of 1865 the war is over, Lee will surrender to Grant at Appotmattox Court House in Northern Virginia. There is no hope to continue fighting for Lee with little food or resources for his army. By the spring of 1865 the war is over, Lee will surrender to Grant at Appotmattox Court House in Northern Virginia. There is no hope to continue fighting for Lee with little food or resources for his army. The nation will now start its process of rebuilding our nation after four long and bloody years of war. The nation will now start its process of rebuilding our nation after four long and bloody years of war.