1.  Read Chapter 1, section 3 and answer the 4 section review questions on page 19.  Answer these in your JagMark section, on your next blank page.  Use your redbook, second section.  What is not completed will be done for homework.

3.  Air is made up of different gases.  What is the most abundant?

6. Air moves from high to low pressure and always tries to reach equilibrium.

8.  Air pressure in a weather system reflects the amount of water in the air, which affects the weather. Low air pressure usually results in Bad weather: stormy, cloudy, overcast. High air pressure usually results in Good weather: clear skies, no precipitation

12.  Heat is transferred by convection through most of the troposphere. Convection currents move heat throughout the troposphere. The upward mov’t of warm fluids and downward mov’t of cool fluids form convection currents.

13.  Sunlight heats Earth’s surface(ground) by radiation. The warm surface(ground) then heats the atmosphere(air) by both conduction (touching the air molecules) and radiation.  Only the first few meters of the troposphere are heated by conduction. The air closer to the ground is usually warmer than the air above it.  The troposphere is the lowest layer of the atmosphere, where most weather occurs, and contains almost all of the mass of the atmosphere.

14.  1. Sunlight heats an area of the ground. The ground heats the ________ by conduction. Warm ________ rises/falls. = Low/ High Pressure  2. Another area of ground is NOT heated as much by the sun. The cooler air ________ = ________ Pressure  3. Air moves across the surface as wind.  ________ Pressure -----  ________ Pressure  ________ air rushes in to fill the spaces left by the rising _______ air.

15.  Wind is the movement of air.  Wind is created by differences in air pressure. The greater the pressure difference, the faster the wind moves.  The air always moves from an area of HIGH pressure to an area of LOW pressure.  Differences in air pressure are caused by differences in how places are heated by the sun. Warm air has less pressure than cooler air.

16. Wind speed is measure with an anemometer. Anemometers work just like the speedometer in your car. The faster the winds are, the faster the cups will move. Remember that speed = distance/time.

17.  Difference in air pressure is generally caused by the unequal heating of the Earth.  For example, the air at the  equator is warmer and  less dense. This warm  air rises, creating an  area of low pressure.

18.  On the other hand, the air at the poles is colder and more dense.  The colder, more dense air sinks.  This creates an area  of high pressure.

19.  Pressure differences in the atmosphere at the equator and at the poles causes air to move.  Because air moves from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure, winds generally move from the poles to the equator.  This creates convection currents.

21.  The pattern of wind movement is much more complex than just one circular pattern from the poles to the equator.  As warm and cool air rises and sinks, different pressure belts are created.  Pressure belts occur at every 30 degrees of latitude. L L L

22.  There are 6 “belts” of wind that circle the entire planet. Three belts in each the northern and southern hemispheres.

23.  Winds don’t blow directly north or south. The movement of wind is affected by the eastern rotation of the Earth.  Earth’s rotation causes wind to travel in a curved path.  The curving of moving objects, such as wind, caused by the Earth’s rotation is called the Coriolis effect.  https://www.e-education.psu.edu/meteo003/sites/www.e- education.psu.edu.meteo003/files/image/Lesson%206/rotating_ earth.swf https://www.e-education.psu.edu/meteo003/sites/www.e- education.psu.edu.meteo003/files/image/Lesson%206/rotating_ earth.swf

24.  Because of the Coriolis effect, winds in the Northern hemisphere curve to the right, and those in the Southern hemisphere curve to the left.

25.  There are 2 main types of wind: local wind and global winds.  Both are caused by the unequal heating of the Earth’s surface and by pressure differences.  Local winds occur locally.  Global winds occur globally and are part of a pattern of circulation that moves across the Earth. These winds travel longer distances that local winds and they each travel in a specific direction.

26. The sun heats Earth unequally due to Earth being a sphere. Sunlight strikes most directly near 0° latitude (equator), and strikes at less direct angles as the latitude becomes greater.

27.  Global winds are part of a pattern of air circulation that moves across the Earth.  These winds travel long distances, and each travels in a specific direction.

29.  The winds that blow from 30 degrees latitude to the equator in each hemisphere are called the trade winds.  Early traders used the trade winds to sail from Europe to the Americas. This is how they became known as the trade winds.

30.  The trade winds meet in an area of low pressure around the equator called the doldrums.  In the doldrums, there is very little wind because of the warm rising air.  Doldrums comes from an old English word meaning foolish because sailors were considered foolish if they got their ship stuck in these areas on little wind.

31.  At about 30 degrees north and 30 degrees south latitude, sinking air creates an area of high pressure. This area is called the horse latitudes.  Here the winds are weak.  Legend has it that the name was given to these areas when sailing ships carried horses from Europe to America. When the ships were stuck in this area due to lack of wind, horses were sometimes thrown overboard to save drinking water.

32.  The westerlies are wind belts found in both the Northern and Southern hemisphere between 30 and 60 degrees latitude. The westerlies flow toward the poles in opposite directions of the trade winds.  The westerlies helped early traders return to Europe.

34.  The polar easterlies are wind belts that extend from the poles to 60 degrees latitude in both hemispheres. The polar easterlies are formed from cold, sinking air moving from the poles towards 60 degrees north and 60 degrees south latitude.

35.  About 10 km above Earth’s surface (250mb), there are bands of high-speed winds that travel without friction to slow them down. These are jet streams.  These winds are hundreds of kilometers wide, blow from west to east, reach speeds of 200-400 kph, and control the paths of storms in the United States.

38.  Local winds are winds that blow over a short distance. A cool breeze blowing in from the water over a beach is an example of a local wind.  Local winds occur because different materials heat and cool at different temperatures.

39.  Winds are named according to where the wind comes from or originated.  Local winds are influenced by the geography of an area. An area’s geography, such as shoreline or a mountain, sometimes produces temperature differences that cause local winds, like land and sea breezes.  During the day, land heats up faster than water. At night, land cools faster than water.

41.  A land breeze is a local wind that blows from the land over onto a lake or ocean.  Land breezes occur at night as the land cools off very rapidly, creating sinking air and high pressure, whereas the water will be releasing the energy stored from the daylight, creating rising air and low pressure.

43.  A sea breeze is a local wind that blows from an ocean. A lake breeze is a local wind that blows from a lake.  Sea breezes occur during the day due to the land heating up much faster than the water (water has a high specific heat) and creating rising air a low pressure.

45.  Label land and sea breezes

47.  During the day, the sun heats the valley floor (radiation) and warms the air above it(conduction).  Warm air from the valley moves upslope, creating a valley breeze.  Low pressure from the valley causes wind to flow upward.

48.  Mountain breezes occur at night.  At night, the mountains cool faster than the valleys.  Cold air sinks from the mountain peaks, creating a mountain breeze.

49.  Label mountain and valley breezes