1. Chapter 13 Section 1: Where have urban areas grown? Urban Patterns http://www.pictureninja.com/pages/united- states/north-carolina/image-charlotte-skyline.htm http://blueridgeblog.blogs.com/blue_ridge_blog/2 006/06/give_a_man_a_ca.html

2. Urban Patterns Urban areas are densely populated regions Rural areas are sparsely populated region Geographers look at where urban areas are located and where people and activities are located within them MDCs have more urban areas and a larger percentage of their population living in them than LDCs (if you farm, which most people in LDCs do, then you need more land)

3. Urban Patterns In 1800, only 3% of the world lived in cities Only Beijing had over 1 million people Today, over ½ of the world’s 7 billion people live in cities More than 400 cities have at least 1 million inhabitants

4. Urban Patterns Increasing percentage of people living in cities- a global trend Urbanization worldwide: – 3% lived in cities in 1800 – 6% in 1850 – 14% in 1900 – 30% in 1950 – 47% in 2000 – Over 50% in 2010

5. Urban Patterns ¾ of people in MDCs live in urban areas 2/5 of people in LDCs live in urban areas More people farm or work in the primary sector in LDCs and don’t live in urban areas More people are in the secondary and tertiary sectors in MDCs and work in urban areas so they live there or around them too

6. Percent Urban Population Fig. 13-1: Percent of the population living in urban areas is usually higher in MDCs than in LDCs.

7. Urban Patterns Urbanization is plateauing in MDCs It is rising in LDCs as they develop Population is growing faster in LDCs too The NIR tends to be much higher

8. Urban Patterns: Where have urban areas grown? MDCs have a higher percentage of people living in urban areas and more urban areas But we have to look at the number not just the percentage But LDCs have more of the very large urban settlements in terms of the number of people in each individual city (population of the city)

9. Urban Patterns Around 1900, the list was the opposite High migration, industrialization, and high crude birth rates are he reasons for the growth of MDCs’ cities in the 1800s and 1900s and for LDCs’ cities today

10. Urban Patterns: Where have urban areas grown? 8 of the 10 most populous cities are in LDCs: Buenos Aires, Delhi, Dhaka, Jakarta, Kolkata (Calcutta), Mexico City, Mumbai (Bombay), and Sao Paulo Cairo, Manila, Seoul, and Shanghai are also close New York City and Tokyo are the 2 top- teners from MDC s (with Los Angeles and Osaka close behind)

11. Defining urban settlements Hard to define where they begin and end This can skew lists Are suburbs included? If so, this really changes lists Some cities have suburbs with more people than the city itself

12. Social Differences between Urban and Rural Settlements Size Density Social heterogeneity (diversity)

13. Physical definitions of a city Toponym- place name Mathematical location: coordinates on a map Site: what the land is like Situation: where it is located relative to other places But also:

14. Physical definitions of a city Legal definition- an urban area under a local government that has been incorporated by a higher level of government- it sets city limits Created within a country or state and given power to create a local government as an authority over a very specific area (set boundaries) And:

15. Physical definitions of a city Urbanized area (the city and surrounding suburbs) Specifically: the city and the surrounding suburbs where population exceeds 1,000 persons per square mile Under this definition, around 70 percent of Americans live in urbanized area- 30 percent in cities and 40 percent in suburbs And:

16. Physical definitions of a city 2 other definitions: – Metropolitan statistical area – Overlapping metropolitan areas – A metropolitan area or metropolis is an urban area that covers a large space – A metropolitan statistical area gets more specific

17. Physical definitions of a city Metropolitan statistical area is defined as including the following (US Census Bureau): – Urbanized area with a pop. Over 50,000 – Includes the county it’s in – Includes adjacent counties with high pop. density and people working in the city – Micropolitan statistical areas are smaller versions- with between 10,000 and 50,000 inhabitants, the county its found, and adjacent counties that rely on the city

18. Physical definitions of a city Overlapping metropolitan areas (some areas get so congested like Boston to Washington, DC- megalopolis/the Boswash corridor

19. Megalopolis Fig. 13-4: The Boston-Washington corridor extends over 700 km and contains about one-quarter of U.S. population.

20. Chapter 13 Section 2 Where are people distributed within urban areas?

21. Urban internal distributions Not random Concentrated Different areas Often social/economic

22. Urban internal distributions Three models of urban structure These help explain where different types of people tend to live in an urban area- – The concentric zone model – Sector model – Multiple nuclei model – Focus on Chicago, IL

23. Concentric Zone Model  This was created by sociologist, EW Burgess in 1923  It says a city grows outward from a central area in a series of concentric rings  The precise size and width of the rings vary from city to city, but the same basic types of rings exist  The main rings are the CBD, zone in transition (industry/low quality housing), zone of working- class homes, zone of middle-class families, commuters’ zone

24. Concentric Zone Model Fig. 13-5: In the concentric zone model, a city grows in a series of rings surrounding the CBD.

25. Sector Model  Economist, Homer Hoyt created this model in 1939  In this theory, a city develops in a series of sectors not rings  Certain areas of the city are more attractive for different activities and some need more space or grow more than other ones do  They grow like wedges (sectors) off the center  Five sectors: CBD, transportation and industry, low-class residential, middle-class residential, upper-class residential

26. Sector Model Fig. 13-6: In the sector model, a city grows in a series of wedges or corridors extending out from the CBD.

27. Multiple Nuclei Model  Geographers, CD Harris and EI Ullman, created this model and theory in 1945  According to this, a city is a complex structure that includes more than one center around which activities revolve  It has nodes like a port, CBD, university, airport, etc and stuff forms around them  They also have key areas like the CBD, industry/manufacturing, low-income housing, mid- income housing, high-income housing, heavy manufacturing, outlying business district, residential suburb, industrial suburb

28. Multiple Nuclei Model Fig. 13-7: The multiple nuclei model views a city as a collection of individual centers, around which different people and activities cluster.

29. Geographic Application of the Models These help understand where people and activities are located in urban areas It does depend on accurate data The census helps a lot US urban areas are divided into census tracts that have around 5000 residents each They track these and trends in them

30. Models outside of the US  American urban areas are different from others around the world  The models must be applied and viewed differently  European cities cluster more and the CBDs are still more occupied and upper-class  In LDCs, the wealthy live in the inner city too  Poor tend to live outside in the suburbs  The worst are squatter settlements- these are settlements set up where people don’t own the land, they are squatting on someone elses  They are also known as barrios, barriadas, favelas, bustees, bidonvilles, gecekondu, kampongs, barung- barong

31. Rio de Janeiro Areas with Sewers Fig. 13-16b: High income households are attracted to central areas of Rio partly because these areas have access to services such as sewers.

32. Favela in Rio de Janeiro Many poor immigrants live in squatter settlements, or favelas, many of which are on the hillsides around Rio.

33. Chapter 13 Section 3 Why do inner cities have distinctive problems?

34. Inner Cities Most urban lands are occupied by residences Low-income in the inner-city Middle-class in the suburbs Upper-class in select pockets and suburbs In the US, most low-income housing has been in the inner-city (area surrounding the CBD) This area is plagued by certain problems

35. Physical Problems Process of deterioration Old houses (the houses the middle class and upper class don’t occupy anymore) Filtering- taking large houses built by wealthy families and subdividing them into more residences and ultimately get worn out Redlining- some banks do this which is drawing lines on a map to identify which areas they will refuse to loan money (can’t fix up houses, etc… in those areas, insuring they will become delapidated)

36. Physical Problems  Urban renewal- North American and European cities have tried to demolish much of the substandard inner-city housing and rebuild  Public Housing- many old, substandard houses were demolished and replaced with public housing, which is reserved for low income households who must pay 30 percent of their income for rent  In the US, public housing is less than 2 percent of all dwellings- although a higher percentage in inner0cities  In the UK, 1/5 is public housing  Bunches of them are often called projects (often low or high rises)  The US govt. has stopped funding new public housing but supports renovating the old

37. Physical Problems  Renovated housing- this is the alternative to demolition (particularly with less public housing being constructed)  In some cases, the houses are renovated and maintained and attract middle class residents  Gentrification is the process by which middle- class people move into deteriorated inner-city neighborhoods and renovate the housing  The US is seeing renewed interest of middle and upper class younger professionals moving into the city from the suburbs (opposite from the 1900s)

38. Gentrification in Boston The Back Bay area near downtown Boston has attracted many wealthy residents.

39. Social Problems  Inner-cities are predominantly people under the poverty level  Underclass- inner-city residents are the permanent underclass- trapped in the cycle of economic and social problems  High rates of unemployment  Alcoholism  Drug addiction  Illiteracy  Low education levels  Juvenile delinquency  Gang membership  Crime

40. Social Problems  Lack of job skills  Less than 50% complete high school  Large numbers of homeless and squatters  There are an estimated 3 million homeless Americans  1/3 are individuals who have been released from hospitals or other institutions  ¼ are children  Culture of poverty  Crime Drugs  Ethnic and racial segregation  African Americans and Hispanic Americans are more likely to live in the inner-city than whites

41. Racial Change in Chicago 1980 - 2000 Fig. 13-17: Racial & ethnic change in Chicago, 1980-2000. Dots represent where race and ethnicity increased. White population increased in the inner city and North Side, while African American and Hispanic population increased in the outer city and inner suburbs.

42. Chapter 13 Section 4 Why do suburbs have distinctive problems?

43. Suburbs Many cities have seen the population of the central cities decline by around ½ since 1950 The suburban population has grown much faster than most other areas since 1950 In 1950, 20% of Americans lived in suburbs and 40 percent in cities and 40 percent in rural areas In 2000, 50% of Americans lived in suburbs and 30 percent lived in cities and 20 percent lived in rural areas

44. Suburbs This is a core-periphery movement Good things about suburbs- more space, single-family detached dwelling rather than apartments and row houses, private land surrounding the house, space to park cars, greater opportunity for home ownership, space, privacy, retreat from urban living and the rush of the city, generally less crime, less drug trade, fewer gangs, less poverty Bad things- commute, standardization, segregation, predominantly white, conformity, sprawl Pros and cons to all areas of the cities

45. Suburbs- the peripheral model Chauncey Harris set up the peripheral model to describe this According to the model, an urban area consists of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas tied together by a beltway or ring road Peripheral areas lack the severe physical, social, and economic problems of inner- city neighborhoods They do increase sprawl and segregation though

46. Growth of Chicago Fig. 13-19: Chicago grew rapidly in the 19th century through annexation. In the 20th century the major annexation was for O’Hare Airport. The city of Chicago covers only a portion of the Chicago metropolitan statistical area (inset).

47. Suburbs- the peripheral model Outside the beltway are nodes of consumer and business services that are called edge cities Edge cities originated as suburban residences for people who worked in the central city and then shopping malls were built to accommodate them Then manufacturing centers were set up too Other nodes like an airport, university, theme park, school, or others are also added

48. Peripheral Model of Urban Areas Fig. 13-20: The central city is surrounded by a ring road, around which are suburban areas and edge cities, shopping malls, office parks, industrial areas, and service complexes.

49. Suburbs- the peripheral model Density gradient – As you travel out from the center of a city, there is a decline in density – This change is called the density gradient – The number of houses per unit of land diminishes as distance from the center city increases – The center has decreased some in recent years – There is a trend toward less density difference today

50. Suburban sprawl Sprawl is the progressive spread of development over the landscape More and more land is developed outside of cities as they grow This scares some people There is little “green” space So local government try to set aside land for parks and create greenbelts- rings of open space

51. Suburban sprawl Suburban segregation: – Separate from commercial and manufacturing activities – Housing in suburbs is built for people of a certain social class (houses are built pretty much the same) – Homogeneous – Often more whites – Conformity- zoning ordinances help with this- this is where local governments prevent the mixing of land uses within the same district – Home owners’ associations – Must fit the bill

52. the burbs Dependence on transportation Longer commutes More traffic More congestion- major rush hour traffic More pollution More smog More public transportation- buses, subways, trains

53. the burbs Local government fragmentation Metropolitan Overlapping Areas Most have a council of government, which is a cooperative agency consisting of representatives from the local governments in the region Some have a federation system- the government levels work separately on some stuff and together on other stuff when they need to Some have consolidations- they join together

54. Tokyo Subway “Subway pushers” help push as many people as possible into subway cars during rush hour in Tokyo. Other passengers wait in orderly lines to board the next train.