1. 2.2.6. Transmission of Diseases Learning Outcome: Describe the causes and means of transmission of malaria, HIV/AIDS and TB

2. Methods of Disease Transmission Droplets – coughing & sneezing Faecal/Oral – usually from food & drink Direct physical contact – touching, kissing, sexual intercourse Indirect contact – touching a contaminated object Vector transmission – by an insect or other creature

3. Malaria - parasite Caused by a protozoan parasite of the genus Plasmodium Mainly P. falciparum but other species include P. vivax, P. ovale and P. malariae P. knowlesi can cross the species barrier from monkeys to humans The parasite lives in subtropical areas of Africa, Asia and the Americas

4. ELECTRON MICROGRAPH OF PLASMODIUM PARASITE

5. RING STAGE OF PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM

6. Spread of Malaria Mainly transmitted via the vector method The female Anopheles mosquito feeds nocturnally on blood It transfers the sporozoite phase of the parasite from its salivary glands to the host (mosquito saliva acts as an anti- coagulant) If the host already has malaria the mosquito sucks up the gamete stage of the parasite Zygotes develop in the mosquito

7. Life Cycle of Plasmodium

8. Other means of malarial transmission It is also possible to spread the parasite via unhygienic conditions mainly in a hospital environment Unsterilised needles and unscreened blood transfusions also play a part The parasite can also pass across the placenta from mother to foetus

9. HIV/AIDS cause Human Immunodeficiency Virus The virus can sit dormant for many years (HIV Positive stage) Once active it destroys T helper cells rendering the immune system ineffective Then the person has Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Death usually soon follows due to secondary infections

10. HIV Transmission Rectal, vaginal or oral sex Intravenous drug use – reusing syringes Blood transfusions from unscreened donors In Utero / Perinatal from mother to foetus Breast feeding can also spread the virus

11. Tuberculosis - Cause Causative agent is a rod-shaped bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis or M. bovis are the main species There are many other species that can cause symptoms Over 2 billion people are infected with TB worldwide Mostly the body ’ s immune system is able to keep the disease at bay

13. Tuberculosis - Transmission Transmitted by the droplet method Needs prolonged contact with a carrier or sufferer to become infected Infected meat or milk of cattle Conditions of deprivation makes infection more likely Overcrowding Poor health or diet Inadequate ventilation