1. “Isms” of the Early 19 th Century: Nationalism R. Scott Peoples, Fairview HS, Boulder, CO

3. Nationalism a strong identification of a group of individuals with a political entity defined in national terms, i.e. a nation. a strong identification of a group of individuals with a political entity defined in national terms, i.e. a nation. the belief that an ethnic group has a right to statehood the belief that an ethnic group has a right to statehood – or that citizenship in a state should be limited to one ethnic group – or that multinationality in a single state should necessarily comprise the right to express and exercise national identity, even by minorities

4. Nationalism the belief that the state is of primary importance, or the belief that one state is naturally superior to all other states the belief that the state is of primary importance, or the belief that one state is naturally superior to all other states describes a movement to establish or protect a homeland (usually an autonomous state) for an ethnic group describes a movement to establish or protect a homeland (usually an autonomous state) for an ethnic group In some cases the identification of a national culture is combined with a negative view of other races or cultures In some cases the identification of a national culture is combined with a negative view of other races or cultures

5. Nationalism collective identities towards imagined communities which are not naturally expressed in language, race or religion but rather socially constructed by the very individuals that belong to a given nation collective identities towards imagined communities which are not naturally expressed in language, race or religion but rather socially constructed by the very individuals that belong to a given nation sometimes reactionary, calling for a return to a idealized past, and sometimes for the expulsion of foreigners sometimes reactionary, calling for a return to a idealized past, and sometimes for the expulsion of foreigners sometimes revolutionary, calling for the establishment of an independent state as a homeland for an ethnic underclass sometimes revolutionary, calling for the establishment of an independent state as a homeland for an ethnic underclass

6. Nationalism emphasizes collective identity - a 'people' must be autonomous, united, and express a single national culture. However, some nationalists stress individualism as an important part of their own national identity emphasizes collective identity - a 'people' must be autonomous, united, and express a single national culture. However, some nationalists stress individualism as an important part of their own national identity National flags, national anthems, and other symbols of national identity are often considered sacred, as if they were religious rather than political symbols. Deep emotions are aroused National flags, national anthems, and other symbols of national identity are often considered sacred, as if they were religious rather than political symbols. Deep emotions are aroused

7. To Sum Up…

8. A FEW OF THE MANY FACES OF NATIONALISM

9. Ancient Nationalism A private man, however successful in his own dealing, if his country perish is involved in her destruction; but if he be an unprosperous citizen of a prosperous city, he is much more likely to recover. Seeing, then, that States can bear the misfortunes of individuals, but individuals cannot bear the misfortunes of States, let us all stand by our country. A private man, however successful in his own dealing, if his country perish is involved in her destruction; but if he be an unprosperous citizen of a prosperous city, he is much more likely to recover. Seeing, then, that States can bear the misfortunes of individuals, but individuals cannot bear the misfortunes of States, let us all stand by our country. A private man, however successful in his own dealing, if his country perish is involved in her destruction; but if he be an unprosperous citizen of a prosperous city, he is much more likely to recover. Seeing, then, that States can bear the misfortunes of individuals, but individuals cannot bear the misfortunes of States, let us all stand by our country. A private man, however successful in his own dealing, if his country perish is involved in her destruction; but if he be an unprosperous citizen of a prosperous city, he is much more likely to recover. Seeing, then, that States can bear the misfortunes of individuals, but individuals cannot bear the misfortunes of States, let us all stand by our country. ~Thucydides ~Thucydides

10. Homey Nationalism! “Love your country. Your country is the land where your parents sleep, where is spoken that language in which the chosen of your heart, blushing, whispered the first word of love; it is the home that God has given you that by striving to perfect yourselves therein you may prepare to ascend to Him.” “Love your country. Your country is the land where your parents sleep, where is spoken that language in which the chosen of your heart, blushing, whispered the first word of love; it is the home that God has given you that by striving to perfect yourselves therein you may prepare to ascend to Him.” ~Giuseppe Mazzini

11. Lincolnian Nationalism! “I like to see a man proud of the place in which he lives. I like to see a man live so that his place will be proud of him.” “I like to see a man proud of the place in which he lives. I like to see a man live so that his place will be proud of him.” ~Abraham Lincoln

12. Anti-Abe Nationalism! Surrender means that the history of this heroic struggle will be written by the enemy; that our youth will be trained by Northern school teachers; will learn from Northern school books their version of the War; will be impressed by all the influences of history and education to regard our gallant dead as traitors, and our maimed veterans as fit subjects for derision. […] Surrender means that the history of this heroic struggle will be written by the enemy; that our youth will be trained by Northern school teachers; will learn from Northern school books their version of the War; will be impressed by all the influences of history and education to regard our gallant dead as traitors, and our maimed veterans as fit subjects for derision. […] I am with the South in death, in victory or defeat. I believe the North is about to wage a brutal and unholy war on a people who have done them no wrong, in violation of the constitution and the fundamental principles of the government. They no longer acknowledge that all government derives its validity from the consent of the governed. I am with the South in death, in victory or defeat. I believe the North is about to wage a brutal and unholy war on a people who have done them no wrong, in violation of the constitution and the fundamental principles of the government. They no longer acknowledge that all government derives its validity from the consent of the governed. – Brigadier General Patrick Cleburne, 15 th Arkansas Infantry, 1861

13. Civic (Liberal) Nationalism the nation is an association of people who identify themselves as belonging to the nation, who have equal and shared political rights, and allegiance to similar political procedures. the nation is an association of people who identify themselves as belonging to the nation, who have equal and shared political rights, and allegiance to similar political procedures. Delacroix, Liberty Leading the People (1830)

14. Ethnic Nationalism (Ethnocentrism)

15. Fascist Nationalism authoritarian nationalism- based political ideology authoritarian nationalism- based political ideology Not necessarily racist, but always ethnocentric Not necessarily racist, but always ethnocentric much (much!) more on this later much (much!) more on this later

16. Left-Wing Nationalism Any combination of nationalism and left-wing politics Any combination of nationalism and left-wing politics – esp. revolutionary, which is to say Communist, politics “People’s Liberation” armies “People’s Liberation” armies – Sinn Fein – African National Congress

17. Territorial Nationalism Citizenship is idealized Citizenship is idealized Mass public culture of shared traditions, common values Mass public culture of shared traditions, common values Nation viewed as near-sacred Nation viewed as near-sacred “Love It or Leave It”

18. Revanchism From French, “revenge” From French, “revenge” a political manifestation of the will to reverse territorial losses incurred by a country, often following a war or social movement a political manifestation of the will to reverse territorial losses incurred by a country, often following a war or social movement 1887 painting showing a French student being taught about the “lost provinces” of Alsace and Lorraine

19. Irredentism From Italian, “unredeemed” From Italian, “unredeemed” the idea that a part of the cultural and ethnic nation remains "unredeemed" outside the borders of its appropriate nation-state the idea that a part of the cultural and ethnic nation remains "unredeemed" outside the borders of its appropriate nation-state

20. Pan-Nationalism National identity shared by clusters of ethnic groups dispersed over wide area National identity shared by clusters of ethnic groups dispersed over wide area

21. Proto-Nationalism nation-less nationalism nation-less nationalism The type of "nationalism" that existed before the consolidation of nation- states The type of "nationalism" that existed before the consolidation of nation- states Boxer Rebellion, 1899-1901

22. Ultranationalism Always extremist, often with one or more of these traits: Always extremist, often with one or more of these traits: Authoritarian Authoritarian Antagonistic foreign policy Antagonistic foreign policy Militaristic Militaristic Anti-immigrant Anti-immigrant Secessionist Secessionist Sometimes Sometimes genocidal genocidal (ex: Khmer Rogue) (ex: Khmer Rogue)

23. Jingoism Extreme patriotism expressed through aggressive foreign policy Extreme patriotism expressed through aggressive foreign policy Coined as part of song lyric in Britain in 1877-78, during Russo-Turkish War: Coined as part of song lyric in Britain in 1877-78, during Russo-Turkish War: We don't want to fight but by Jingo if we do We've got the ships, we've got the men, we've got the money too We've fought the Bear before, and while we're Britons true The Russians shall not have Constantinople

24. Anti-Colonial Nationalism Emerged in postwar Africa and Asia Emerged in postwar Africa and Asia Many forms, from violent liberation armies to Gandhi Many forms, from violent liberation armies to Gandhi Council on African Affairs protest, New York, 1952

25. Nationalism: it never seems to go away

26. American Exceptionalism Theory that the United States is qualitatively different from other nation states Theory that the United States is qualitatively different from other nation states – Not necessarily superior to other nations, but can be interpreted that way - and often is, by both proponents and detractors Special circumstances of founding: Special circumstances of founding: – Emergence from a revolution: “the first new nation“ – Religious: the “Shining City on a Hill,” God-granted rights, the “Promised Land.” In this view, Christian religiosity is seen as the foundation for American Exceptionalism In this view, Christian religiosity is seen as the foundation for American Exceptionalism

27. Another interpretation Starting in 1920s, factions of American Communists used term “American Exceptionalism” to note that the US seemed to operate independent of the Marxist laws of history. Starting in 1920s, factions of American Communists used term “American Exceptionalism” to note that the US seemed to operate independent of the Marxist laws of history. – Stalin: “…thanks to its natural resources, industrial capacity, and absence of rigid class distinctions” – A toned-down version of this view has gained acceptance in the Academy in recent years

28. “AEI” = American Enterprise Institute, a conservative think tank. I have no idea what to tell you about “an experiment in history,” except that I don’t much like the sound of it. Pro- Exceptionalism

29. Anti- Exceptionalism

31. Related idea: Americanism ideology based on liberty, egalitarianism, individualism, republicanism, populism and laissez-faire ideology based on liberty, egalitarianism, individualism, republicanism, populism and laissez-faire

33. “Patriot” vs. “Nationalist” Often used interchangeably, but shouldn’t be Often used interchangeably, but shouldn’t be Nationalism gives more importance to unity by way of a cultural background, including language and heritage Nationalism gives more importance to unity by way of a cultural background, including language and heritage Patriotism pertains to the love for a nation, with more emphasis on values and beliefs. Patriotism pertains to the love for a nation, with more emphasis on values and beliefs.

35. Anti-Nationalism Patriotism is often an arbitrary veneration of real estate above principles. Patriotism is often an arbitrary veneration of real estate above principles. ~George Jean Nathan To me, it seems a dreadful indignity to have a soul controlled by geography. To me, it seems a dreadful indignity to have a soul controlled by geography. ~George Santayana

36. BONUS: DIFFERENT TAKES ON NATIONALISM!!!

39. The Wall (1982)