1. Roman Art & Architecture Ara Pacis Augustae ‘Altar of Augustan Peace’ 13-9 B.C.

2. Ara Pacis ‘Altar of Augustan Peace’ 13-9 B.C.

3. THE CAMPUS MARTIUS

4. Horologium/ sundial

5. Propaganda Architecture – Used for annual sacrifice of Thanksgiving for Peace brought by Augustus. Symbolised new age of Prosperity, Peace, Fertility

6. We have lost so much through the loss of the paints

10. Introduction It is built in the Field of Mars (Campus Martius) It is made all of marble from Italy Relief sculpture is raised stone silhouette. It is produced by carving away the background. It is meant to be seen and its function is to inform. Mix of human and divine imagery. It was created in honour of Augustus after he pacified the Gauls and Spaniards. It was a gesture of public thanks and was dedicated on 30 th January 9 B.C

11. Layout WEST SOUTH NORTH 9 Stairs The outer wall is called the precinct. Altar raised and faces due east.

12. Lower Register Precinct (outer wall) Is decorated all the way around with a floral scene of swirling tendrils that finish in acanthus leaves. Petals, lizards, snakes, birds, scenes from nature. Intricate detail. Panel appears alive (all references to abundance and fertility) In several places a swan takes pride of place. The swan is sacred to Apollo who is Augustus’ patron diety.

13. Lower Register Precinct (outer wall)

14. Inside Wall Lower Register Wood symbolises the enclosure around the Ara Pacis while it was being built.

15. Upper Register, inside Wall Precint Bulls heads (bucrania), garlands, Patera (Paterae, sacrificial bowls). These may represent a sacrifice at the dedication of the altar. Garlands which adorn the bulls heads have fruit from all 4 seasons to signify that Augustan peace is present through the whole year.

18. Precinct, Upper Register, West Side

19. Pannel 1 Aeneas, Iulus, Lares and Penates (household gods in the shrine). They link back to Aeneas and the fall of Troy. Aeneas wears veil to symbolise piety. Aeneas sacrificing the Lavinian sow to the Lares and Penates. The Lavinian sow myth is one of the foundation myths of Rome. This frieze is destined to link Augustus to divine ancestry and piety. Pannel 2 Fragmentary Another foundation myth of Rome. Romulus and Remus suckling the shewolf. Mars, their father, looks on.

20. Augustus, as Pontifex Maximus, would have had access to the Temple of Vesta where the Penates were kept. Thus a symbolic association is made between Augustus and Aeneas, the legendary founder of Rome.

21. Alternative Reading King Numa was the 2 nd king of Rome. One of Numa's first acts was the construction of a temple of Janus as an indicator of peace and war Janus After securing peace with Rome's neighbours, the doors of the temples were shut and remained so for all the duration of Numa's reign, a unique case in Roman history. Numa made peace treaty marked with sacrifice of swine

23. Precinct, Upper Register, West Side Both panels are linked: Show animal and the implication for Rome of their discovery Foundation myths (mythological subject matter) R & R divinity suggests Rome's divinity. Aeneas connects Augustus with divine heritage.

24. Precinct, Upper Frieze, East Side

25. Tellus Relief The central figure is Mother Earth, voluptuous and very fertile. (full breasts) This represents new life, peace and all things good about the Roman empire. Tellus sits on a Rocky outcrop amidst nature. She holds two chubby infants who appear healthy. Drapery is billowy and body can be seen underneath.

26. Tellus has fruits and grains in her lap, well fed livestock. Two maidens with their cloaks billowing represent salt water (dragon) and fresh water (swan). Reign spreads over whole world (seas) There has been controversy over whether this is actually Tellus or the goddess Pax (peace), who would be surrounded by the bounty of Augustan Peace.

27. Precinct, Upper Frieze, East Side

29. Pannel 2 Roma, Goddess enthroned on a pile of weapons. Too Fragmented.

30. Precinct, Upper Frieze, South Side Procession of either 9 B.C. dedication or 13 B.C. inauggaration. Symbolic procession of religious representative and imperial family. Augustus had his head shrouded (piety) links with Aeneas on W.S. He’s conducting a sacrifice. Priests with candles on their heads (flamines). Augustus’ family led by Agrippa who dies in 12 B.C., his wife Lavinia and daughter Julia. This is an idea of strong family representing his political ideaology of children = wealth. Large families were provided with a tax incentive, unmarried adults were penalised. Children represent public faith in the Julio- Claudian destiny. Height of figures are varied, this draws the observers eye up and down the procession, adding interest.

31. Precinct, Upper Frieze, South Side

32. Precinct, Upper Frieze, North Side Senators wearing wreaths and members of Rome’s most important priesthoods. End of procession standing slightly apart from the group is women and children, minor members of Augustus’ family.

33. Precinct, Upper Frieze, North Side

34. Altar Facing due east Central section is fragmentary: maybe goddess Pax and other gods and goddesses gathered to receive sacrifice. Raised ends: vestal virgins and their servants. Animal being led to sacrifice. Probably two narratives: the sacrifice and rituals that take place at the altar.

35.  Tellus is Mother Earth, likes peace and is surrounded by all creatures  Four symbols of fertility from the east side: - water  - children  - Fruit/vegetaion/animals  - Mother Earth  The main message behind the Ara Pacis is peace and harmony to all in the Roman Empire. The Emperor is great to bring this peace.  Again on the North side we see a Historical procession. Augustus himself is present is represented as a pious person, with his head bowed as if he is about to conduct a libation/prayer  Aeneas – the founder of Rome  Through war Rome was founded. Augustus wouldn’t have his peace without War.