1. Hand Tools

2. Objective During this lesson you will learn: What hand tools are The types of hand tool we encounter The correct and safe use of them

3. Types of Hand Tool Hammers Mallets Centre Punches Chisels Hacksaws Scribers Dividers Engineer Square Spanners Sockets and Drives Allen Keys Pliers Screwdrivers

4. Hammers

5. A hammer in construction comprises of a wooden shaft / handle usually made from a wood called hickory and a hardened steel head coming in different shape forms for different used that is firmly fixed onto their shaft using wooden and metal wedges. These items are come across quite frequently in everyday life, where something requires: Being driven into place or position like a nail Something requires extra force to be tightened or loosened, such a a spanner on a nut or bolt A tool requires driving into place like a wedge Providing force and drive to a chisel or a centre punch

6. Hammers The most important thing regarding a hammer is the safe and correct use of this, the safe practices are as follows: Check the handle / shaft for splits, breakages or splinters and that it is complete and not broken off short. Check the hammer head for stability on the handle / shaft, chips or fractures in this A one thing that most never be done is banging two hammers together, as this can lead to fragments to break off and become airborne. What PPE would be a good thing to wear when using a hammer?

7. Mallets

8. They are simply a type to tool that would drive oin item into place by striking it, much like a hammer. These are used to assist in driving items into place without causing any damage to them. The head of a soft headed mallet can be made from such materials as: Copper Animal Hide Plastic Wood These type of tool In the workshop these are used, but where and when exactly? A common application of use in industry is with driving an outer race of a bearing into its housing place

9. Centre Punch

10. These are used to create a stamped impression on a metal surface, usually where you would desire to mark a position where a hole is to be drilled. The centre punch is initially lightly struck with a hammer (in the safe manner) where 2 intersecting lines have met, usually where they cross. When the impression has been made, a careful check has to be made to ensure that it is in the exact desired position; if it is not, then a second attempt will needed to be made. Once this is achieved, then a final firmer blow has to be made, creating a bold impression in the work. The hole can then be drilled.

11. Chisels

12. These are used to be driven by a hammer to remove fragments of material such as metal or stone. The chisel is firmly held by the operator and positioned in place where the chisel action will take place. Material will be removed from its desired place each time that the chisel is driven into place. Chisels are made from a high carbon content steel that is heat treated to give it properties of being both hard and non brittle.

13. Saws

14. These are a tool that is used to cut a piece of material into 2 parts via using a to a fro motion whilst applying downward force upon the cutting blade. The type that is used frequently in a Mechanical Workshop is a Hacksaw. The hacksaw blade is fitted by undoing the saw retaining mechanism, mounting the blade onto the 2 mounting / retaining pins and tightening up the mechanism to the correct tension. Blades in the saw can be set a different angles to allow for cutting in different positions or when we need to remove material from inside our work piece. The correct action for using a hacksaw is the cutting action should always take place on the forward stroke; the blade should always be fitted with the teeth facing forward.

15. Scribers

16. These appear visually as a device, looking like a pencil but has a harden steel tip and is used to ultimately create an even and accurate scratch on your work piece. These are held like a pencil when being used and the tip must always be used and held away from creating danger of puncture to the human body. The scriber is very often used to scribe along straight edges, such us along a rule, engineers square or any other form of template. A scriber is made from a high carbon content steel that is specially hardened and tempered.

17. Dividers

18. These visually appear as a maths compass, with 2 sharp points, rather than 1 with a pencil. These are used in the same fashion as you would a compass to produce circles and radiuses on a surface. Common sense dictates that you would use these in the correct fashion to ultimate accuracy and in a safe method – one thing never to do is carry these in a pocket.

19. Engineers Square

20. These visually appear as an ‘L’ shaped metal tool with a heavier rectangular block (the stock) attached perpendicularly to a lighter weight straight edge (the blade). The stock is place against the straight / prepared piece of your work (usually the datum) and the blade would be used to either check the mating surface for squareness to the required dimension or for using as a straight edge when marking out a straight line. Engineers squares are manufactured to a high accuracy and should always ne kept in their case, with a light coating of oil. Engineers squares must be carefully used and if dropped, would probably be bent out of squareness. If this happens, check the tool via a Bottle Square or By placing the square in two positions from the same face and scribing a line to see if they match.

21. Spanners

22. These are used to tighten up either nuts or bolt to the required amount and can come in different varieties. Open Ended Spanner (Wrench) - Must be used correct way round when exerting high pressure to avoid slips. Ends are normally different sizes Combination Spanner (Wrench) - as name suggests half way between an open-ended and a ring spanner. Both ends often the same size. Ring Spanner ( Wrench). Because nut or bolt is completely surrounded less likely to slip or damage nut. Higher torque can be applied. Restricted access With spanners, they must be always currently used with the exact sixe spanner to the exact size nut or bolt; if the in correct / oversized spanner is used, rounding will occur on the bolt or nut head corners. Spanners come with the length of them pre-set, this will guarantee the tightening will be given to the correct amount of torque.

23. Sockets and Wrenches

24. Like a spanner, these are used to drive the tightness when fastening or loosening nuts and bolts. Sockets come usually in sets and in a range of sizes (both metric and imperial) and are designed to fit around the nut or bolt head much like a ring spanner. These are designed to lit onto a wrench, a tee bar or a socket screwdriver. The wrench is ratchet driven which will allow drive in only 1 direction at a time (being ether clock or counter clock else). The socket will usually ‘snap’ into place on the square part of the wrench and be retained in place. The Tee Bar will work in a similar way to the wrench but allows movement of the bar for varying tightening methods. The screwdriver works in the same way as it is named.

25. Allen Keys

26. These are the small ‘L’ shaped tools with the hexagon profile we know and use for fastening Cap Headed Bolts and Grub Screws. The correct name for these tools is Hexagonal Socket Wrench, the name Allen came from the company that invented them. Like the spanner, the Allen Key length of body is in proportion to the amount of torque required to achieve the correct amount of tightness. Allen Keys are made from a high ensile steel and like a spanner must the correct size in proportion to the part it is driving, as incorrect size will round off the corners of the female hexagonal location.

27. Pliers

28. These are a multipurpose tool that can be used to hold / grip, undo / tighten & cut. These are a good general purpose tool but cannot perfectly substitute for the correct tool in certain applications. Pliers have the physical appearance of having the ability to clamp around objects, but using them as a tool that can tighten things up musty be avoided. If these are to be used to cut, this must be with soft wire only (such as copper) as harder material will damage the cutting surfaces and safety glasses must be worn as any material cut off in short lengths can fly off at a high velocity.

29. Screwdrivers

30. These come for both mechanical & electrical applications. The type designed for electrical applications generally come with an insulated blade part, this is so the tool has extra protection during maintaining electrical systems. There are generally 2 types of screwdriver used, and are identified by the end profile / shape. The ‘Flat Headed’ type has a simple profile blade is used quite commonly for woodworking screw. The ‘Cross Headed’ screw driver has been given its name from the company that invented it, and is commonly used for screws used in electrical applications.