1. Connective Tissue Functions –Connects Muscles to muscles Muscles to bone Bones to bones –Supports –Transports Large array of substances between parts of the body –Defends Against microorganisms and other invaders

2. Connective Tissue General characteristics –Extracellular matrix (ECM) predominates in most connective tissues and determines its physical characteristics –Relatively few cells –Ground substance –Varying numbers and kinds of fibers Collagenous (white) –Tough and strong, great tensile strength –Made of collagen fibers, often in bundles Reticular –Occur in networks –Delicate and support small structures –Made of reticulin Elastic –Made of elastin –Extensible and elastic

3. Connective Tissue Four main types –Fibrous Loose, ordinary (areolar) Adipose Reticular Dense –Irregular –Regular (collagenous and elastic) –Bone Compact bone Cancellous bone –Cartilage Hyaline Fibrocartilage Elastic –Blood

4. Connective Tissue Fibrous connective tissue –Loose, ordinary (areolar) connective tissue (Figure 5-13) Stretchable One of the most widely distributed of all tissues Elastic glue that permits movement Intercellular substance is prominent and consists of collagenous and elastic fibers loosely interwoven and embedded in soft, viscous ground substance Several kinds of cells present: notably, fibroblasts and macrophages; also mast cells, plasma cells, fat cells, and some white blood cells Function—stretchy, flexible connection

5. Loose, Ordinary (Areolar) Connective Tissue

6. Connective Tissue Adipose tissue (Figures 5-14 and 5-15) –Similar to loose connective tissue but contains mainly fat cells, fewer fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cells –Functions—protection, insulation, support, and food reserve

7. Connective Tissue Reticular tissue (Figure 5-16) –Consists of network of branching reticular fibers with reticular cells overlying them –Functions Defense against microorganisms and other injurious substances Reticular meshwork filters out injurious particles from the blood and lymph, and reticular cells phagocytose them Make reticular fibers –Forms framework of spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow

8. Reticular Tissue

9. Connective Tissue Dense fibrous tissue –Matrix consists mainly of fibers packed densely and relatively few fibroblast cells Regular—bundles of fibers are arranged in regular, parallel rows (Figure 5-17) –Predominantly collagen: flexible, great tensile strength (tendons) –Predominantly elastic fibers: some elasticity (ligaments) Irregular—fibers intertwine irregularly to form a thick mat that can withstand stresses applied form any direction (Figure 5-19) –Forms the strong inner skin layer called the dermis –Forms the outer capsule of the kidneys and spleen –Function—furnishes flexible connections that are strong or stretchy

10. Dense Fibrous (Regular) Connective Tissue

11. Connective Tissue Bone (osseous) tissue –Highly specialized connective tissue type Cells—osteocytes—embedded in a matrix consisting of organic collagen material and mineral salts Inorganic component of matrix accounts for 65% of total bone tissue –Functions: Support Protection Point of attachment for muscles Reservoir for minerals Supports blood-forming tissue

12. Connective Tissue Compact bone (Figures 5-20) –Osteon (Haversian system) Structural unit of bone Spaces for osteocytes called lacunae Matrix present in concentric rings called lamellae Canaliculi are canals that join lacunae with the central Haversian canal –Cell types: Osteocyte: mature, inactive bone cell Osteoblast: active, bone-forming cell Osteoclast: bone-destroying cell –Formation (ossification) In membranes—e.g., flat bones of skull From cartilage (endochondral)—e.g., long bones, such as the humerus

13. Bone

14. Connective Tissue Cartilage –Chondrocyte is only cell type present Produce the fibers and ground substance –Lacunae house cells, as in bone –Avascular Nutrition of cells depends on diffusion of nutrients through matrix –Perichondrium is the membrane that surrounds cartilage –Heals slowly after injury because of slow nutrient transfer to the cells

15. Connective Tissue Types –Hyaline (Figure 5-21) Appearance is shiny and translucent Most prevalent type of cartilage Located on the ends of articulating bones

16. Connective Tissue Types –Fibrocartilage (Figure 5-22) Strongest and most durable type of cartilage Matrix is semirigid and filled with strong, white fibers Found in intervertebral disks and pubic symphysis Serves as shock-absorbing material between bones at the knee (menisci)

17. Connective Tissue Types –Elastic (Figure 5-23) Contains many fine, elastic fibers Provides strength and flexibility Located in external ear and larynx

18. Connective Tissue Blood –A liquid tissue (Figure 5-24) –Contains neither ground substance nor fibers –Composition of whole blood Liquid fraction (plasma) is the matrix –55% of total blood volume Formed elements –45% of total blood volume –Red blood cells, erythrocytes –White blood cells, leukocytes –Platelets, thrombocytes

19. Connective Tissue Blood (cont.) –Functions Transportation –Respiratory gases –Nutrients –Waste products Regulation of body temperature Regulation of body pH White blood cells destroy bacteria –Circulating blood tissue is formed in the red bone marrow by a process called hematopoiesis Blood-forming tissue is sometimes called hematopoietic tissue

20. Blood

21. Muscle Tissue Types (Table 5-7) –Skeletal, or striated voluntary (Figure 5-32) –Smooth, or nonstriated involuntary, or visceral (Figures 5-33 and 5-34) –Cardiac, or striated involuntary (Figure 5-35) Microscopic characteristics –Skeletal muscle—threadlike cells with many cross striations and many nuclei per cell –Smooth muscle—elongated, narrow cells, no cross striations, one nucleus per cell –Cardiac muscle—branching cells with intercalated disks (formed by abutment of plasma membranes of two cells)