1. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. State, Society, and the Quest for Salvation in India 1

2. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Kingdom of Magadha 600- 321 b.c.e  Most significant of Central Ganges plain  Agriculture  Trade in Ganges valley, Bay of Bengal  Dominated surrounding regions in north-eastern India 2

3. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. India & the Med World  520 BCE Persian Emperor Darius conquers north- west India  Introduces Persian ruling pattern  What does this mean?  327 Alexander of Macedon destroys Persian Empire in India  Troops mutiny, departs after 2 years  Forced marriages  Art, architecture changes 3

4. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Art and Architecture: Hellenistic India 4

5. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Hellenistic – Greek Indian styles 5

6. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Greek Style Indian Temple 6

7. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Mauryan Dynasty: Chandragupta Maurya  Took advantage of power vacuum left by Alexander  Overthrew Magadha rulers  Expanded kingdom to create 1 st unified Indian empire  Mauryan Dynasty 321-185 b.c.e 7

8. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Chandragupta ’ s Government  Recorded in Arthashastra, manual of political statecraft  Domestic policies Persian style  Largest Indian Empire  Expansion of Buddhism  Legend: Chandragupta retires to become a monk, starves himself to death  Jain? 8

9. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Ashoka Maurya  Grandson of Chandragupta  Represents high point of Mauryan Empire, r. 268- 232 BCE  Expanded empire to include all of Indian subcontinent except for south  Positive rulership integrated Indian society 9

10. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Religions of Salvation in Classical India  Social change generated resentment of caste privilige  e.g. Brahmins free from taxation  6 th -5 th c. BCE new religions and philosophies challenge status quo  Charvakas: atheists  Jainists, Buddhists 10

11. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Jainism A Study in Asceticism

12. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Mahavira’s Manner of Life  Mahavira is an honorary title meaning “great man” or “hero”  raised in the luxury of the ancient courts of India  5 TH OR 6 TH Century b.c.e. – but as old as 9th  Married and had a daughter  After his parents died he joined the monks who followed the ascetic Parshva

13. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Mahavira’s Manner of Life  Upon joining the monks, Mahavira  removed his ornaments and finery, retaining just one robe  Plucked his hair out in five handfuls  Took the required pledge  Wandered about alone going completely naked

14. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Mahavira’s manner of Life  Mahavira 2 beliefs  Saving one’s soul from evil is impossible without practicing the severest asceticism  Maintaining the purity and integrity on one’s own soul involves practicing ahimsa

15. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Mahavira’s Manner of Life  Meticulous practice of ahisma  Walked so as not to step on any living thing  Swept the path with a soft broom to clear his path  Ate no raw food and accepted only leftover food  Strained water before drinking

16. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Philosophy and Ethics of Jainism  Strict interpretation of the doctrine of karma  Consequences of deeds are literally deposited on the soul  Various types of karma are accumulated in layers  Layers of karma must be worn off through living  Ethically correct activity of the soul is the quickest way to remove karma

17. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Philosophy and Ethics of Jainism  Two-tiered pluralism of oppositions  Soul and flesh  Mind and matter  Two categories  The ajiva  The jiva

18. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Philosophy and Ethics of Jainism Souls classified according to the number of senses they have – These have five senses: gods, humans, animals, and hell beings – These have four senses: larger insects such as bees, flies, and butterflies – These have three senses: moths and smaller insects – These have two senses: worms, shellfish, leeches – These have one sense: earth, wind, fire, and water bodies; vegetables, trees, seeds, lichens

19. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Philosophy and Ethics of Jainism  Liberated souls are perfect  Souls are indestructible and independent  No supreme ruler of the world  Gods like humans are subject to rebirth  Priests are of no special authority  The Vedas are not especially sacred  Asceticism is the fastest way to reach liberation

20. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Philosophy and Ethics of Jainism The “Five Great Vows” 1. I renounce all killing of living beings, whether movable or immovable. 2. I renounce all vices of lying speech arising from anger or greed or fear or mirth. 3. I renounce all taking of anything not given, either in a village or town or wood. Either of little or much

21. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Philosophy and Ethics of Jainism The “Five Great Vows” 4. I renounce all sexual pleasure. 5. I renounce all attachments whether to little or much, small or great, living or lifeless things.

22. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Mahavira’s Followers  Since Jainist philosophy places equal value on all souls, monks and laity are not widely separated.  Above all: Ahimsa

23. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Buddhism in Its First Phase Moderation in World Renunciation 5 th century b.c.e.

24. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Introduction  Buddhism refers to a diverse array of beliefs and practices  Like Hindus, Buddhists use the term “dharma” to refer to their religion  Buddhism rejected extreme asceticism

25. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Life of the Founder Gautama – born to a high station – dissatisfaction – married and had one child – Abandoned home and became wandering mendicant monk – founded monastic sect – denied the special sacredness of the Vedic texts

26. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Life of the Founder  The legend of the “Four Passing Sights”  The Soothsayer’s warning led to his father protecting him from the realities of old age, disease and death  The gods sent four apparitions to awaken the prince to his true destiny

27. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Life of the Founder  Guatama rejected his life and embarked on the “great going forth”  After six years of quest, he abandoned ascetic extremes  The great enlightenment at the knowledge tree: desire leads to suffering  The title Buddha

28. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Life of the Founder  The Buddha delays nirvana and becomes a teaching Buddha  The Sermon in the Deer Park at Benares  The middle path  Avoid a life given to pleasures and lusts  Avoid a life given to mortifications  Founding of the Buddhist order with the conversion of the five ascetics

29. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Teachings of the Buddha  The three marks of existence are flaws vexing one’s existence  Impermanence  The ultimate unreality of the self  Sorrow or suffering

30. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Teachings of the Buddha  The Four Noble Truths address this question: “…in what way should one live to obtain cessation of pain and suffering, bring to an end the unwise will to live and have, and finally attain the fullness of the joy and liberation?”

31. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Teachings of the Buddha “…the first Noble Truth of Suffering: Birth is suffering (Dukkha), decay is suffering, illness is suffering, death is suffering. Presence of objects we hate is suffering; separation from objects we love is suffering; not to obtain what we desire is suffering”

32. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Tanha “…the second Noble Truth of the Cause of Suffering: Thirst, that leads to rebirth, accompanied by pleasure and lust, finding its delight here and there”

33. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Teachings of the Buddha “…the third Noble Truth of the Cessation of Suffering: [it ceases with] the complete cessation of this thirst—a cessation which consists in the absence of every passion—with the abandoning of this thirst, with the doing away with it, with the deliverance from it, with the destruction of desire.”

34. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Teachings of the Buddha “…the Fourth Noble Truth of the Path which leads to the cessation of suffering: that holy eightfold Path, that is to say: Right view, Right Belief, Right speech Right Conduct, Right Means of Livelihood, Right Endeavor, Right Mindfulness, Right Meditation

35. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Teachings of the Buddha The Dharma as Ethics 1. The negative: avoid attachment Attachment to family Attachment to the Buddha or the self 2. The positive: living toward transcendent bliss The Eightfold Path The arahat and Nirvana The problem of describing Nirvana

36. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Life of the Founder 1. Refrain from destroying life 2. Do not take what is not given 3. Abstain from unchastity 4. Do not lie or deceive 5. Abstain from intoxicants 6. Eat moderately and not after noon 7. Do not look on at dancing, singing, or dramatic spectacles 8. Do not affect the use of garlands, scents, unguents, or ornaments 9. Do not use high or broad beds 10. Do not accept gold or silver Monks were to adhere to the Ten Precepts and the laity to the first five of the Ten Precepts

37. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Life of the Founder  The Buddha’s aunt and foster mother founded the Buddhist order of nuns despite Buddha predicting that doing so would shorten the life of the movement.  Buddha perished of “mortal illness” at the age of 80.  The parinirvana: the moment of death and acceptance of Nirvana

38. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Teachings of the Buddha  Buddha rejected religious devotion  Buddha held to the Hindu doctrines of the Law of Karma and rebirth  Ascribed more flexibility to the Law of Karma than did Hinduism  Buddha taught that rebirth takes place without transmigration of the soul

39. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Religious Development of Buddhism Diversity in the Path to Nirvana

40. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Introduction  Interest in Buddha, the man  Seen as compassionate and enlightened  Imbued with superior powers  Balance of compassionate goodwill and self-salvation  Lay interests asserted  A family of religions

41. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Spread of Buddhism in India and Southeast Asia  The first two centuries in India  Wide acceptance within the basin of the Ganges  Growth in the body of Monks  Rapid increase in number of lay adherents  Written documentation of the oral traditions

42. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Theravada  Oldest form  Third Buddhist Council under Ashoka ca. 250 b.c.e.  Instantaneous enlightenment  Pali Canon 42

43. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Spread of Buddhism in India and Southeast Asia  Asoka (273 BCE)  The Rock Edicts—35 :  Systematic moral education  Missionaries

44. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Spread of Buddhism in India and Southeast Asia  Sri Lanka  Missionaries sent to Sri Lanka by Asoka  Conservation of the oldest Buddhist texts  The nuns of Sri Lanka founded by Mahinda’s sister  Burma and Southeast Asia  Predominantly Theravada  The general character of the Theravada  Monks meditation – spiritual gift to all  Revering the Buddha’s perfection  Devotional life at Wat

45. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Rise of the Mahayana  The term “yana” means “ a means or method”  Mahayana: the Great Vehicle  Hinayana (Theravada) : the Lesser Vehicle  Westward movement  Emergence of a popular religion

46. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Rise of the Mahayana  Further glorification of Gautama  The object of bhakti  Destined for enlightenment  Discovery of other Buddhas and bodhisattvas  Many Buddhas before Gautama  Buddhas of the future (the bodhisattvas)

47. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Spread of Buddhism in Northern Lands  Arrival of Buddhism in China & Japan  Barriers  The appeal of Mahayana teaching  Cycles of growth and repression  Arrival of Buddhism in Korea  The decline of Buddhism in India

48. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Mahayana Schools of Thought in China  Pure Land schools of China (dev. In India brought ca. 147 c.e.)  Amitabha Buddha (repetition of name)  Pure Land: beautiful realm  Place of teaching and enlightenment  Reach Buddhahood or reenter 6 realms of existence  Meditative schools in China: Chan  Taoism & Buddhism  Meditation key  Buddha-nature - Tao

49. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Bodhidharma 49

50. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Zen (Chan) Mahayana in Japan  Zen developed in China and spread to Japan  Zen emphasizes insight into Buddha- nature and the personal expression of this insight in daily life,  it de-emphasizes mere knowledge of sutras and doctrine  Finger pointing at the moon  koans 50

51. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  When the nun Chiyono studied Zen under Bukko of Engaku she was unable to attain the fruits of meditation for a long time.  At last one moonlit night she was carrying water in an old pail bound with bamboo. The bamboo broke and the bottom fell out of the pail, and at that moment Chiyono was set free!  In commemoration, she wrote a poem 51

52. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  In this way and that I tried to save the old pail  Since the bamboo strip was weakening and about  to break  Until at last the bottom fell out.  No more water in the pail!  No more moon in the water! 52

53. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. A Cup of Tea  Nan-in, a Japanese master during the Meiji era (1868-1912), received a university professor who came to inquire about Zen.  Nan-in served tea. He poured his visitor's cup full, and then kept on pouring.  The professor watched the overflow until he no longer could restrain himself. "It is overfull. No more will go in!"  "Like this cup," Nan-in said, "you are full of your own opinions and speculations. How can I show you Zen unless you first empty your cup?" 53

54. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Buddhism in Tibet & Mongolia  Mantras & Mandalas  The reincarnation of head lamas  The Dalai Lama  Search for the new living Buddha

55. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 55

56. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Buddhism Today  Myanmar – 89%  Highest number of monks & money spent on religion  Political activism  Sri Lanka – 70% Buddhism

57. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Buddhism Today  Thailand  Theravada Buddhism is the state religion  Linking of socioeconomic status with karma  Cambodia: Hindu and Buddhist  The Khmer Rouge regime banned Buddhism in 1976  1990s state religion  Vietnam: Buddhism, Taoism, Indigenous.

58. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Buddhism Today Tibet and China – Withdrawal of the Dalai Lama and other Tibetans to India – Reeducation of monks and nuns – Destruction of religious artifacts – Selection of a successor to the Dalai Lama – Traditional Chinese Buddhism vs Tibetan Buddhism Women in Buddhism

59. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. BACK TO Politics 59

60. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Indian Mauryan Empire  Economic crisis follows death of Ashoka  High costs of bureaucracy, military not supported by tax revenue  Frequent devaluations of currency to pay salaries  Regions begin to abandon Mauryan Empire  Disappears by 185 BCE 60

61. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Greeks Again  Greek invasion followed.  Greco-Bactrian king, Demetrius, conquered southern Afghanistan and parts of northwestern India around 180 BCE, forming the Indo-Greek Kingdom 61

62. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Greek Buddhism  Buddhism flourished, and one of their kings Menander became a famous figure of Buddhism 62

63. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Gupta Dynasty 320-550 c.e.  Based in Magadha – N. India  Founded by Chandra Gupta (no relation to Chandragupta Maurya), c. 320 CE  Highly decentralized leadership 63

64. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Economy: Towns and Manufacturing  Manufactured goods in big demand  Trade intense, capitalizes on trade routes across India to China 64

65. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Inventions & Developments  Buddhist University  Indian (Arabic) Numerals  Kama Sutra  Round Earth rotating & revolving around sun  Chess 65

66. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Art 66

67. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Temple Architecture 67

68. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 68

69. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Gupta Decline  Frequent invasions of White Huns, 5 th c. CE  Gupta Dynasty disintegrates along regional fault lines  Smaller local kingdoms dominate until Muslim Mughal Empire founded in 16 th c. 69

70. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Arabia: Islamic Roots 70

71. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Muhammad’s Spiritual Transformation  Muhammad caravan leader  Visions c. 610 CE  Archangel Gabriel  Uncompromising Monotheism  Attracts followers to Mecca in what is now Saudi Arabia (Arabia)  Young men and women attracted to the revelations 71

72. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The “Seal of the Prophets”  Islam as culmination and correction of Judaism, Christianity  Inheritor of both Jewish and Christian texts 72

73. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Quran  Record of revelations received during visions  Committed to writing c. 650 CE (Muhammad dies 632)  Tradition of Muhammad’s life: hadith 73

74. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Conflict at Mecca  Muhammad’s monotheistic teachings offensive to polytheistic pagans  Economic threat to existing religious industry  Denunciation of greed affront to local aristocracy 74

75. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Hijra  Muhammad flees to Yathrib (Medina) 622 CE  Year 0 in Muslim calendar  Organizes followers into communal society (the umma)  Legal, spiritual code - sharia  Commerce, raids on Meccan caravans for sake of umma 75

76. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Muhammad’s Return to Mecca  Attack on Mecca, 630  Conversion of Mecca to Islam  Destruction of pagan sites, replaced with mosques  Ka’aba preserved in honor of importance of Mecca  Approved as pilgrimage site 76

77. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Ka’aba 77

78. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Five Pillars of Islam  No god but Allah and Muhammad is His prophet  Daily prayer  Fasting during Ramadan  Charity  Pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj)  Circumambulate Ka’ba  According to some built by Abraham and Ishmael 78

79. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Jihad  “struggle”  Against vice  Against ignorance of Islam  Later used as a“holy war”against those who attack Islam 79

80. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Islamic Law: The Sharia  Codification of Islamic law  Based on Quran, hadith, logical schools of analysis  Extends beyond ritual law to all areas of human activity 80

81. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Caliph  No clear to successor to Muhammad identified  Abu Bakr chosen to lead as Caliph  Expansion East and West 81

82. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The expansion of Islam, 632-733 C.E. 82

83. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Shia  Disagreements over selection of caliphs  Ali passed over for Abu Bakr  Served as caliph 656-661 CE, then assassinated along with most of his followers  Remaining followers organize separate party called “Shia”or Shite Muslims – minority group  Traditionalists Majority known as: Sunni 83

84. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Islamic Expansion Eastward  Islam’s entry into India and Southeast Asia  What is now “Pakistan” by 664 c.e. – silk road trade contact  711 c.e conquest of that region and expansion by Umayyad Dynasty  Missionaries & Traders  10 th century Punjab Islamic  12 th century Delhi Sultante 1206-1526 84

85. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Changing Status of Women in Islamic Asian Communities  Quran improves status of women  Outlawed female infanticide  Brides, not husbands, claim dowries  Yet male dominance preserved  Patrilineal descent  Polygamy permitted, Polyandry forbidden  Veil adopted from ancient Mesopotamian practice 85

86. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Sufis  Sufi missionaries  Asceticism, mysticism  Some tension with orthodox Islamic theologians  Wide popularity  Al-Ghazali - Sufi thinker from Persia  Impossibility of intellectual apprehension of Allah, devotion, mystical ecstasy instead 86

87. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Cultural influences on Islam  India  Mathematics, science, medicine  “Hindi” numbers  China  Paper, compass 87

88. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Sikhism A Study in Syncretism

89. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Introduction  Dates from the 15 th Century  Strongly influenced by Hinduism and Islam  Monotheistic  Bhaktic  Syncretism: interweaving of religious traditions  Divine revelation of the founder, Nanak

90. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Life and Work of Nanak  The historical antecedents of Nanak  Need for a cleansing and purification of Hinduism  Resurgence of the bhakti movement in Hinduism  Severe and militant monotheism of the Muslims  In India by 8 th century c.e.

91. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Life and Work of Nanak  Janamsakhi – sacred biography  Nanak’s youth  Born 1469 CE at the village of Talwandi in present day Pakistan  Hindu parents belonged to a mercantile caste  Rejected sacred thread  Worked at a government job  Married and had two children

92. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Life and Work of Nanak  Religious awakening  Vision of God  The Japi : “There is but one God…”  “There is no Hindi and no Musalman”  Itinerant campaigning  Success in Punjab  Appointment of a successor - Angad  Died October 1538/9

93. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Nanak’s Teaching  Basic concepts  The sovereignty of one God (the True Name)  Without divisions  World is in Him, but he is beyond the world  Known through experience “the True Name is manifest in manifold ways and in manifold places and is know by manifold names, but he is eternally one, the sovereign and omnipotent God, at once transcendent and immanent, creator and destroyer.”

94. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Humans  Humans are souls in bodies  Soul devoted/focused on God does not suffer  Self-centered soul suffer  Know God through his word & Hakum (law) God is the essential Guru and is in the human heart  Meditation & grace  Kirtan

95. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 5 Stages of Progress toward unity with God  Piety to honor God & see to help others  Knowledge that the world is beyong comprehension  Humility and effort to know God  Receiving the spirit  Experience Truth and enter unity with God

96. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Nanak’s Teaching  The doctrine of Maya  Not pure illusion, but the limited reality of this world…  God dwells within the world and is in the human heart  Reincarnation but can release in one lifetime  Vedas and Qu’ran both wrong

97. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Nanak’s Teaching  Distrust of Ritual  Going through the motions without thinking about God  Belief that rituals are a distraction that turn thoughts away from God  Rejection of Hindu rites  Pilgrimages  Extreme asceticism  Idolatry

98. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Nanak’s Teaching  Social Mission  Religion has a mission to improve the lot of all peoples and classes  Criticism of self-centered escape from social responsibility  The good Sikh  Pure in motive and in act  Prefers the virtuous  Accepts others without regard to caste  Craves the Guru’s word and divine knowledge

99. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Political History of Sikhism  Nine gurus succeeded Nanak  Establishment of congregations  Primarily for worship  Town meetings  Gurdwaras  Hostels  Community kitchens  Free Common Meals

100. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Political History of Sikhism  Guru Arjan  The Fifth Guru (1563-1606)  Completed Amritsar  Compiled the Adi Granth  Transition to militant self-defense  Tortured to death by Emperor Jahngir for political conspiracy

101. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Political History of Sikhism  Guru Har Govind  The Sixth Guru (1595-1644)  Implemented his father’ vision of militant self-defense  Rejected the turban and necklace  Armed bodyguard  Built the first Sikh stronghold  Drew thousands of Sikhs to his military service  adopts 2 swords  Spiritual power  Secular power

102. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Political History of Sikhism  Guru Govind Singh (Lion)  The Tenth Guru (1675-1708)  Defense of the Truth  Wrote hymns that reinterpreted God as a militant Lord of Hosts in times of peril  Later compiled with other hymns into the Dasam Granth

103. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Political History of Sikhism  The Order of Singhs  The Khalsa –The Order  The cry of the Sikhs – war cry  The Khhalsa are of God and the victory is to God  The five K’s  The Kesh – long hair  The Kangha - comb  The Kachh – short pants  The Kara – steel braclet  The Kirpan - sword

104. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

105. Later Requirements  Worship only one God  Bathe in cold water at dawn and pray  Renounce alcohol and tobacco  Allowed to eat meat of animals slain by single sword strike  May not abuse any Muslim women

106. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Adi Granth  After death of Gobind Singh no more gurus (assassinated)  Honor only the Adi Granth  Living word – revealed text  Read daily  All caste abolished  Anyone may become a Sikh

107. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Women  Women can find salvation  Women are not an impediment to salvation  No female infanticide  No sati & widows allowed to remarry  No veil

108. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Gurdwara  Remove shoes & cover head  Adi Granth on raised dais  Kirtan  Community meal – eating from common source erases caste distinctions  Free kitchen feeds everyone who comes  Vegetarian, no eggs

109. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Political History of Sikhism  Life under the British Raj  Division of India and Pakistan in 1947 left the Sikhs in Pakistan at odds with the Muslim majority  2,500,000 Sikhs left Pakistan for India in exchange for the Muslims who left India  Majority of Sikhs are now in India  The Indian constitution does not list Sikhism as a recognized religion

110. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Political History of Sikhism  Khalsa Dal separatists  Terrorist activities rife in the 1980’s  Indian government arrested 300 separatist leaders in 1982  Indian raided the Khalsa Dal base in 1984  Sikh militants retaliated by assassinating Indira Ghandi (1984) and the leader of the Congress I Party (1987)  Khalsa Dal violence escalated again in 1991, now more peaceful

111. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

112. Islam in China  Introduced in 7 th century perhaps by 680s  Grew strong during the Tang Dynasty  More Muslims relocated to China during Yuan Dynasty of Mongols  Muslims ethnic groups are mainly along the borders of modern China in Yunnan, Tibet, Xinjiang, Gansu Province and Henan Province. 112

113. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Judaism and Christianity on Monsoon Asia  Jewish settlements in India  Retained Hebrew culture  Accepted by Hindus  Jewish settlements in Tang & Song China . © 2014, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

114. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Christianity pre 15 th century Asia  Nestorian Christians  Jesus of two natures  Heretical by mid 400s c.e in West – thrives in East 114