1. Interactions with Non-Christians Week 3, Lecture 2

2. Wrapping up Monday’s lecture: Anna Comnena b. 1083-d. 1153 Daughter of Byzantine emperor Alexius I Comnenus Wrote the Alexiad to glorify the deeds of her father Looked down on Franks (Kelts), but was weirdly attracted to Bohemond of Taranto Bohemond died frustrated by the Greeks

3. Interactions with Jews and Muslims How did Jews function as a “negative mirror” in late antique and medieval Christian society? What were some of the ways Christians understood Jewish existence? What were the Christian and Islamic viewpoints on each other? How did Muslims, Jews, and Christians interact in Spain (Al-Andalus)?

4. First Crusade, 1095-99 Grew out of reforming spirit of the eleventh century Gave a new meaning to warfare for Christians Effects on non-Christian populations –Attacks (pogroms) on the Jews of the Rhineland, 1096 –Indiscriminate massacre at Jerusalem, 1099

5. The “Parting of the Ways”? Ancient, Temple Judaism: a sacrificial religion Temple destroyed as a result of the First Jewish Revolt, 70 CE Synagogues and rabbis Birth of Rabbinic Judaism, early 70s CE Periodically tolerated and persecuted by Roman authorities

6. Christians: “Verus Israel”? Image: Early Christian mosaic of loaves and fishes. Fourth century, Taghba, Israel (near Galilee). Eastern Roman Empire after Constantine: Roman politically and culturally, Greek linguistically, “Hebrew” religiously

7. Categorizing the Jews Barbarian: not Greek/Latin Heretic: not a believer in the “true faith” (whatever that is) St. Augustine: They are “our library”

8. Early Encounters with Islam East: More barbarians/heretics! West: Um... Pagans!!

9. Jews in the West (Late Antiquity) Large diaspora, concentrated in Mediterranean towns and cities Merchants, traders, translators Protected by Carolingian emperors –Einhard: Isaac delivers Abul-Abbas to Charlemagne, 802

10. Abul-AbbasAbul-Abbas

11. Post-Carolingian Times Migration north, into France and the Rhineland, also England Occupation: usury (moneylending) Formed neighborhoods, later ghettos (with legal requirement not to live anywhere else)

12. Persecution Increases, 1090s- 1300s Why? –General bad times –Increasingly cash-based society  suspicion –Business rivals’ resentment –Crusader zeal  xenophobia “Blood Libel,” blamed for child murders Mob violence –Royal and papal legislation promoting conformity

13. Bernard of Clairvaux, 1146 Prevented a massacre Augustine’s interpretation of a Psalm: “Slay them not, lest we forget.”

14. The Pointy Hat, mandated by law

16. Previous slide image: Isaac of Norwich, 1233 Jewish banker in England. “Three-headed king” figure Foreground figures with Satan: Moses and Abigail Mokke, debt collectors St. William of Norwich, child murder victim, c. 1144 http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/11 720http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/11 720

18. Medieval Al-Andalus (Spain) Conquered by Muslims from North Africa, 711 CE –Christians blame Jews Great cultural flowering –Medicine –Math –Hellenism: preservation of Greek texts Trade contacts

19. Maimonides Moses ben Maimon (c. 1135-1204) Philosopher and scientist Family left Spain for North African exile rather than convert to Islam –Almohads Practiced medicine in Fustat (Cairo, Egypt)

20. Christians in Spain Small kingdoms Ideology of Reconquista Ideology of Crusade Ideology of jihad, “striving” in the name of God Fuero del Teruel, 1176