1. Words to Look for on your WWII Study Guide for Today’s Notes Atlantic Charter Yalta Conference (going to also highlight the Big 3 Leaders) Harry Truman VE Day – June 6, 1944 Manhattan Project Robert Oppenheimer August 6, 1945 August 9, 1945 Fat Man & Little Boy VJ Day – September 2, 1945 Nuremburg Trials

2. Atlantic Charter In August, 1941, before the war for the US had even begun, Churchill and Roosevelt met to discuss the goals for post-war. Mostly they just wanted freedom and self-determination for all…but after a war like this…would that work?

3. Yalta Conference In February 1945 (before the end of the war), the “Big Three” leaders Churchill, Stalin, and Roosevelt met in Yalta, USSR to decide on the fate of Germany and the post-war world.

4. The Argument Stalin wanted Germany divided up so they could never again threaten the Soviet Union Churchill completely disagreed Roosevelt negotiated, wanting support from Stalin for the US’s campaign against Japan, and support from both for his new peacekeeping organization– the United Nations (UN)

5. The Compromises Roosevelt and Churchill agree to a temporary division of Germany to make Stalin happy Stalin promises to allow elections in all the territories he’s taken, so they can decide to choose communism or not Stalin also agrees to aid the US against Japan

6. Power Changes Hands Unfortunately, before he could see the end of the war, Roosevelt passed away in April from a stroke. His vice-President, Harry S. Truman took the reins, and set his sights on ending the war as quickly as possible. He leaned heavily on the knowledge of his Army Chief of Staff, General George Marshall, who had been so successfully advising and coordinating for Roosevelt, Eisenhower, and MacArthur.Roosevelt passed away

7. End of the War in Europe After the Battle of the Bulge in Europe, Germans were retreating fast, and the first death camps were liberated. When the Soviets stormed Berlin in April, 1945, Germans gladly surrendered. April 29, 1945, Hitler married Eva Braun, and together they committed suicide rather than have to give up in disgrace. May 8, 1945, V-E Day, or Victory in Europe Day, General Eisenhower accepted the unconditional surrender of Germany. The war in Europe was over, less than a month after Roosevelt’s death.

8. As fighting with Japan intensified, the question on how to beat such an uncommon enemy took precedence…

9. Scientific Developments OSRD improved radar and sonar, which helped locate submarines underwater OSRD encouraged use of pesticides to fight insects, making soldiers nearly free of body lice OSRD pushed development of miracle drugs like penicillin, which saved lives OSRD also secretly developed a new weapon

10. When Germans figure out how to split Uranium atoms, creating enormous energy, Albert Einstein warns that Germans could build a hugely destructive weapon. Roosevelt sets up a team to develop a weapon using the new technology as quickly as possible, trying to beat the Germans to it Research is done mostly in Manhattan, dubbing the atom bomb development as the “Manhattan Project”

11. The first bomb was tested at Trinity Site in Alamogordo, NM. It was detonated from this 100 ft. tower. The explosion melted the sand for 800m, creating atomic glass called atomsite, or trinitite. Windows were shattered 120 miles away.

12. July 25, 1945 President Truman orders the military to make plans for dropping two atomic bombs on Japanese targets. He said, “The final decision of where and when to use the atomic bomb was up to me. Let there be no mistake about it. I regarded the bomb as a military weapon and never had any doubt that it should be used.

13. The Enola Gay Colonel Paul W. Tibbits pilots the plane, the Enola Gay, that holds the first atomic bomb to be dropped on Hiroshima Japan – The bomb is nicknamed Little Boy

14. Map of Hiroshima

15. The Bombing of Hiroshima On August 6, 1945, the world's first atomic bomb “Little Boy”, is dropped on Hiroshima, Japan. 78,000 were killed and another 70,000 were wounded while another 37,000 just disappeared – vaporized. The bomb destroyed everything within five square miles.

16. “Little Boy” The bomb, nicknamed "Little Boy”, was fueled by Oak Ridge uranium and produced an explosion equal to 15,000 tons of TNT. The 9,700 pound uranium bomb created a blinding flash of light and a fireball that reached one million degrees Fahrenheit.

17. Map of Nagasaki

18. The Bombing of Nagasaki The US waited 3 days for the Japanese to respond, but they didn’t. So…the second atomic bomb ever used in combat was dropped over Nagasaki on August 9, 1945. It’s nickname was “Fat Man”. In a city of about 173,000, 45,000 people were killed instantly.

19. “Fat Man” The world's second and last atomic bomb was nicknamed "Fat Man" and fueled by Hanford plutonium. It was a 10,000 pound plutonium bomb. 73,884 people were killed and 74,909 were injured. This is a big bomb!

20. Destruction of Cities The city of Hiroshima, as it appeared after the atomic bomb was dropped in 1945. The city was laid to rubble in a matter of seconds. Three days after the bombing of Hiroshima, Nagasaki was also laid to ruin.

21. Effect On The People The death toll of the annihilation had reached between 130,000 and 150,000 people by the end of that year. Those who survived the bombing rapidly aged. Some of them lost all of their hair before their death. Five years later, as many as 340,000 people, or 54 percent of the original population, had died from the two explosions. Why?

22. Effect On The People (continued) On those two tragic days, thousands of Japanese were killed, vaporized, torn apart, and boiled in their own skins. Survivors tell of burns that did not heal for fifteen years. It was difficult for firefighters to move the injured because their skin peeled off as they were being picked up. In the area near the hypo-center the heat instantly carbonized human bodies and vaporized their internal fluids.

23. A person who sat on the step evaporated, only leaving their shadow behind. Effect On The People (continued)

24. This man, who was exposed within 1 km of the hypocenter, was burned over his entire body. The death toll within 1 km from the hypocenter was 96.7% of people who were burned, 96.9% of people who had external injuries, and 94.1% of people who had no apparent injuries. Effect On The People (continued)

25. Data shows that immediate deaths were due not only to burns and external injuries but also to severe radiation-induced injuries. The effects of atomic bomb exposure include "keloid" scars, atomic bomb cataracts, leukemia, and microcephaly (small head syndrome).

26. Effect On Surroundings These six bottles were found melted together in the ruins of a store about 400 meters from the hypocenter. Ceramic roof tiles bubbled and rocks turned black. The rock’s exposed surfaces turned black and cracked.

27. Effect On Surroundings (continued) These coins were stacked together when exposed to the heat rays. Since the coins have different melting points, some of the coins fused together. This is just some evidence of the fierce, instantaneous heat released by the atomic bomb’s explosion.

28. Japanese Surrender Emperor Hirohito was horrified by the destruction of his people and his country, and ordered the papers for surrender be drawn up. September 2, 1945, Japanese sign surrender papers in a formal ceremony aboard the USS Missouri, with General MacArthur leading the ceremonies. This day is V-J Day, Victory over Japan Day, the official end of WWII.

29. Japanese Surrender Party on the USS Missouri

30. Occupation of Japan General MacArthur commanded the occupation of defeated Japan 1100 Japanese, including General and former Prime Minister Hideki Tojo were arrested and put on trial. 7 leaders, including Tojo, were put to death

31. Japanese Democracy MacArthur introduced free-market practices to Japan, boosting Japanese economy. –He also called for a new constitution that gave more rights to women, and guaranteed basic freedoms –The constitution was so successful, it is still called the MacArthur Constitution

32. Nuremberg War Trials After the discovery of the atrocities committed by Hitler’s Third Reich, 24 surviving Nazi leaders were put on trial for crimes against humanity, crimes against peace, and war crimes. 12 of 24 were sentenced to death, and more were arrested and found guilty of war crimes

33. I was only following orders… As Nazis claimed innocence, citing their orders, they, for the first time, were held responsible for their own actions during war