1. The European
Conquest
of the Americas

2. Exploration
What possible rewards might come from exploring the seas for new lands?
What are the risks involved in embarking on a voyage into the unknown?

3. Feel the need to explore?
Why did Europeans
Feel the need to explore?

4. Visual Analysis: de Bry woodcuts
What ONE WORD describes this picture?
What does the cartoon say about the motives of exploration?
What type of interactions do you see?
What do you think the artist thinks about exploration?
What view(s) of Columbus does it offer?

5. Visual Analysis: de Bry woodcuts
How does the de Bry piece reflect the motives of European exploration?
What type of interactions do you see?
What do you think the artist thinks about exploration? What is the evidence of his opinion?
What view(s) of Columbus does it offer?
Honors

6. Motives for European Exploration
Crusades  by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia.
Renaissance  curiosity about other lands and peoples.
Reformation  refugees & missionaries.
Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue.
Technological advances.
Fame and fortune.

7. Major Exploration Motives
Economic Motives: Hopes of expanding trade
Example: Spices which were needed for preserving and flavoring good
Hopes of find precious metals
Religious Motives:
Natives must be introduced to Christianity.
Social Motives:
Renaissance: encouraged a new spirit of curiosity and adventure and fostered advances in sailing technology
Glory: quite simply, to make a name for yourself

8. New Maritime Technologies Better Maps [Portulan]
Hartman Astrolabe (1532)
Mariner’s Compass
Sextant

9. New Weapons Technology

10. Earlier Explorations Islam & the Spice Trade  Malacca
A New Player  Europe
Nicolo, Maffeo, & Marco Polo, 1271
Expansion becomes a state enterprise  monarchs had the authority & the resources.
Better seaworthy ships.
Chinese Admiral Zheng He & the Ming “Treasure Fleet”

11. A Map of the Known World, pre- 1492

12. A Ship’s Rations
What would it be like to live on a Carvel for 6 months?

13. Major Explorers Explore the Explorer!
Research your assigned explorer with your group. Display your information on the poster provided.

14. Impact of European Expansion
What trends do you notice as you see the explorer information charted and compared?
Countries?
Discoveries?
Impact?

15. Portuguese 1st to develop/use the caravel and magnetic compass
1419 – Prince Henry the Navigator opened a school for navigation
1420 – explored west African coast
“Gold Coast”
1488 – Bartolomeu Dias reached southern tip of Africa
1498 – Vasco da Gama sailed to India and back
Generated wealth from the Spice Trade

16. Spanish

17. Christofo Colon [ ]

18. Columbus’ Four Voyages

19. Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of the World: Early 16c

20. European Explorations Looking for “El Dorado”

21. The First Spanish Conquests: The Aztecs (1519)
vs.
Hernando Cortes
Montezuma II

22. The Death of Montezuma II

23. Mexico Surrenders to Cortes

24. The First Spanish Conquests: The Incas (1532)
vs.
Francisco Pizarro
Atahualpa

25. Dutch Exploration
1600s – Dutch East India Company establishes power in the East Indies
Controlled Asian trade, operated as governments
Power to make money
Sign treaties
Raise their own armies
Dominated Indonesia and southern Africa by 1700

26. European Empires in the Americas

27. Effects
of Exploration

28. Impact of European Expansion
Native populations ravaged by disease.
Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate. [“Price Revolution”]
New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”].
Deepened colonial rivalries.

29. 5. New Patterns of World Trade

30. Conflict between Explorers
The Spanish and Portuguese were afraid that they might claim/conquer the same land so they signed the Treaty of Tordesillas.

31. The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & The Pope’s Line of Demarcation
This would give Spain control over the Americas!!

32. Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Official European Colony!
Explorers
Conquistadores
Official European Colony!
Missionaries
Permanent Settlers

33. Administration of the Spanish Empire in the New World
Encomienda or forced labor.
Council of the Indies.
Viceroy.
New Spain and Peru.
Papal agreement.

34. Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar Mill

35. Father Bartolomé de Las Casas
New Laws --> 1542

36. New Colonial Rivals

37. New Colonial Rivals
Portugal lacked the numbers and wealth to dominate trade in the Indian Ocean.
Spain in Asia  consolidated its holdings in the Philippines.
First English expedition to the Indies in 1591.
Surat in NW India in 1608.
Dutch arrive in India in 1595.

38. Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
Middle Passage

39. The Slave Trade Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans.
Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans.
Sugar cane & sugar plantations.
First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518.
275,000 enslaved Africans exported to other countries.
Asiento- slave-trading monopoly granted by the Spanish Crown.
Between 16c & 19c, about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas.

40. Slave Ship

41. “Coffin” Position Below Deck

42. African Captives Thrown Overboard

44. The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares
Creoles
Mestizos
Mulattos
Native Indians
Black Slaves

45. The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Church Guadalajara Cathedral
Our Lady of Guadalupe
Guadalajara Cathedral
Spanish Mission

46. Why would the
'Columbian Exchange'
be considered the
tsunami of
unintentional
"bio-terrorism"??

47. The “Columbian Exchange”
Squash
Avocado
Peppers
Sweet Potatoes
Turkey
Pumpkin
Tobacco
Quinine
Cocoa
Pineapple
Cassava
POTATO
Peanut
TOMATO
Vanilla
MAIZE
Syphilis
Triangular Trade
Trinkets
Liquor
GUNS
Olive
COFFEE BEAN
Banana
Rice
Onion
Turnip
Honeybee
Barley
Grape
Peach
SUGAR CANE
Oats
Citrus Fruits
Pear
Wheat
HORSE
Cattle
Sheep
Pigs
Smallpox
Flu
Typhus
Measles
Malaria
Diptheria
Whooping Cough

48. Mercantilism
The economy and trade are essential to the health and safety of the nation.
Get as much gold and silver as you can.
Establish a favorable balance of trade: difference between imports and exports.
Get colonies.

49. Treasures from the Americas!