1. Chapter 27 Review and Discussion

2. European Justification: Superiority is a Heavy Burden Social Darwinism Social Darwinism Applied Charles Darwin’s theory of Natural selection to sociology Applied Charles Darwin’s theory of Natural selection to sociology Dominant races or classes of people rose to the top through a process of the survival of the fittest Dominant races or classes of people rose to the top through a process of the survival of the fittest Rudyard Kipling poem “White Man’s Burden” – half devil and half child Rudyard Kipling poem “White Man’s Burden” – half devil and half child Europeans were not only superior to others, but they had a moral obligation to teach other people how to more civilized Europeans were not only superior to others, but they had a moral obligation to teach other people how to more civilized

3. What were the political, cultural, and economic reasons that the United States and Europe entered into the New Imperialism? Economic reasons Economic reasons Euro-Americans used economics and technology to create a new global economy Euro-Americans used economics and technology to create a new global economy conquered lands supplied raw materials as well as new markets for manufactured goods. conquered lands supplied raw materials as well as new markets for manufactured goods. Copper for electrical wiring, cotton for textile mills, rubber for transportation, and especially gold and diamonds Copper for electrical wiring, cotton for textile mills, rubber for transportation, and especially gold and diamonds Political motives varied Political motives varied France to avenge the humiliation of the Franco-Prussian War, France to avenge the humiliation of the Franco-Prussian War, British to protect its Indian colony British to protect its Indian colony eagerness of the new German state to become a global power. eagerness of the new German state to become a global power. Cultural motives Cultural motives Missionaries and missionary societies wanted not only to spread the influence of their respective religions around the globe Missionaries and missionary societies wanted not only to spread the influence of their respective religions around the globe abolish slavery and bring monogamy, modern medicine, hygiene, and education to the “heathen.” abolish slavery and bring monogamy, modern medicine, hygiene, and education to the “heathen.” Social Darwinism explained the inferiority of indigenous peoples Social Darwinism explained the inferiority of indigenous peoples

4. technological advances that allowed European nations and the United States to conquer vast new territories? Euro-American domination of the oceans was perhaps most important. Euro-American domination of the oceans was perhaps most important. The Suez Canal was central to the extension of rapid transport. The Suez Canal was central to the extension of rapid transport. Submarine telegraph cables speeded up communication. Submarine telegraph cables speeded up communication. The discovery and use of quinine reduced malaria- related deaths to levels that stimulated European expansion. The discovery and use of quinine reduced malaria- related deaths to levels that stimulated European expansion. Weapons technology Weapons technology Breech loading repeating rifles, smokeless powder, and machine guns—innovations that indigenous peoples could not reproduce. Breech loading repeating rifles, smokeless powder, and machine guns—innovations that indigenous peoples could not reproduce.

5. European colonial administration. The amount of control exerted by European home governments varied widely. The amount of control exerted by European home governments varied widely. regions with large numbers of Europeans, such as Australia and Canada, had more autonomy. regions with large numbers of Europeans, such as Australia and Canada, had more autonomy. Protectorates retained their traditional governments, but Europeans oversaw and advised them. Protectorates retained their traditional governments, but Europeans oversaw and advised them. Many local government schemes involved the cooperation of local elites. Many local government schemes involved the cooperation of local elites.

6. As late as 1879, more than 90 percent of Africa was ruled by Africans. Why then did European nations embark on the sudden “scramble” for Africa? Within ten years, most of Africa was invaded and divided among European colonial powers. Within ten years, most of Africa was invaded and divided among European colonial powers. Egypt, the wealthiest and most heavily populated African nation, fell into heavy debt as a result of attempts to win independence from the Ottoman Empire. Egypt, the wealthiest and most heavily populated African nation, fell into heavy debt as a result of attempts to win independence from the Ottoman Empire. That debt allowed Great Britain to assert control over the Egyptian government, and especially over the Suez Canal. That debt allowed Great Britain to assert control over the Egyptian government, and especially over the Suez Canal. In West Africa, the French extended the railroad system inland to open trading opportunities for French merchants. In West Africa, the French extended the railroad system inland to open trading opportunities for French merchants. Berlin Conference of 1884 and 1885, Europeans decided that the former loose trading empires in Africa would be replaced by “effective occupation.” Berlin Conference of 1884 and 1885, Europeans decided that the former loose trading empires in Africa would be replaced by “effective occupation.” Effective occupation meant that national military forces would be required to establish an acknowledged colonial presence. Effective occupation meant that national military forces would be required to establish an acknowledged colonial presence.

7. The Policy of Apartheid Would continue until 1992.

8. South Africa’s Long Struggle With Apartheid In 1910, South Africa won self-rule from Britain. Over the next decades, the white minority government imposed apartheid, a system of racial laws which separated the races and kept the black majority in a subordinate position.

9. Describe imperialism in Latin America from 1869 to 1914 As Europe and America industrialized, the Latin American economy became increasingly focused on exporting raw materials, especially agricultural goods. As Europe and America industrialized, the Latin American economy became increasingly focused on exporting raw materials, especially agricultural goods. Latin American countries were not colonized during this period—in part because of the Monroe Doctrine—but the nature of their economies left them prey to a form of economic imperialism often referred to as “free-trade imperialism.” Latin American countries were not colonized during this period—in part because of the Monroe Doctrine—but the nature of their economies left them prey to a form of economic imperialism often referred to as “free-trade imperialism.” Europe and the United States invested heavily in South American railroads, which used U.S. and European equipment and expertise. Europe and the United States invested heavily in South American railroads, which used U.S. and European equipment and expertise. Imported equipment ensured that Latin American steel and machinery industries had no chance to develop. Imported equipment ensured that Latin American steel and machinery industries had no chance to develop. Nations regularly fell into debt as a result of those internal improvement schemes and often failed to repay their loans. Nations regularly fell into debt as a result of those internal improvement schemes and often failed to repay their loans. European and U.S. banks frequently requested their governments’ assistance to coerce repayment. European and U.S. banks frequently requested their governments’ assistance to coerce repayment. The United States sent troops to Latin America to ensure repayment of loans. The United States sent troops to Latin America to ensure repayment of loans. It also began a revolution in Colombia in order to build the Panama Canal, and intervened militarily in Cuba, particularly after the Spanish-American War. It also began a revolution in Colombia in order to build the Panama Canal, and intervened militarily in Cuba, particularly after the Spanish-American War. In addition, the United States also acquired Puerto Rico from the Spanish government after that war. In addition, the United States also acquired Puerto Rico from the Spanish government after that war.

10. How did the New Imperialism affect Southeast Asia, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Hawaii? What impact did the Suez Canal have on imperialism in that region? Before 1869, much of East Asia had already been claimed by colonial powers. Before 1869, much of East Asia had already been claimed by colonial powers. Britain controlled most of India and Burma, Spain occupied the Philippines, the Netherlands colonized the East Indies, and France had settled parts of Indochina. Britain controlled most of India and Burma, Spain occupied the Philippines, the Netherlands colonized the East Indies, and France had settled parts of Indochina. the presence of the Suez Canal did not encourage Asian colonization; rather, it was because of those colonies that the canal was built. the presence of the Suez Canal did not encourage Asian colonization; rather, it was because of those colonies that the canal was built. After 1869, the British assumed control over the remainder of Burma and Malaya, and the Dutch consolidated control of the East Indies. After 1869, the British assumed control over the remainder of Burma and Malaya, and the Dutch consolidated control of the East Indies. The only independent state in the region was Siam. The region was important to Europeans because it had fertile soil and a history of intensive agriculture. The only independent state in the region was Siam. The region was important to Europeans because it had fertile soil and a history of intensive agriculture. For Europeans, it was an ideal area to grow products that could thrive only in tropical areas—products such as tobacco, rubber, sugar, tea, and coffee. For Europeans, it was an ideal area to grow products that could thrive only in tropical areas—products such as tobacco, rubber, sugar, tea, and coffee. Population in those colonies grew, and intensive agriculture displaced peoples from hunting and gathering and subsistence agriculture. Population in those colonies grew, and intensive agriculture displaced peoples from hunting and gathering and subsistence agriculture. Christian missionaries and Western education also had important effects on indigenous peoples. Christian missionaries and Western education also had important effects on indigenous peoples. Large numbers of Chinese and Indians were brought into those colonies to fill shortages of labor. Large numbers of Chinese and Indians were brought into those colonies to fill shortages of labor. During a war with Spain, the United States annexed Hawaii; in the aftermath of that war, it purchased the Philippines. During a war with Spain, the United States annexed Hawaii; in the aftermath of that war, it purchased the Philippines.

11. Southeast Asia France: Indochina (modern day Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos France: Indochina (modern day Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos British: India, Burma, Malay Peninsula, and North Borneo British: India, Burma, Malay Peninsula, and North Borneo Germany: Pacific islands Germany: Pacific islands U.S: Philippines, Guam, Hawaii, and Cuba U.S: Philippines, Guam, Hawaii, and Cuba Netherlands: Dutch East Indies (present day Indonesia) Netherlands: Dutch East Indies (present day Indonesia)