1. English Pronunciation Clinic Week 3: Reductions Multimedia Study Guide Produced by: Charles Copeland A00518354 For EDUC-8347: Designing Instruction for eLearning Dr. Darci Harland Video 2: Making it Easy

2. Making it Easy Native speakers are lazy with their language In Korean 한라 (Han – La) is hard to say, so the N disappears to make it sound like Halla. (assimilation) English has many of these. Add sounds / Delete sounds Called -- adjustments to speech

3. Adjustments to Speech We reduce to make it easier to say words. Function words Last power point Difficult combinations Linking Assimilation Deletion Epenthesis

4. Linking Adding a sound to link two difficult sounds together. 1.Between tense vowel or diphthong and another vowel. Be + able sounds like be(y)able Blue + ink sounds like blue(w)ink

5. Linking 2.Word ends with a single consonant and the next starts with a vowel Intervocalic (between the syllables) Dog + Ear  sounds like doggear 3.Word ends with a consonant cluster and next starts with a vowel Last consonant jumps to the next word Left + Arm  sounds like lef tarm

6. Linking 4.When a word ends with the same consonant as the next word, only say consonant once (space between disappears) Stop + Pushing  sounds like sto(p:)ushing Space between word disappears, and it is easier to say the word.

7. Assimilation Progressive Assimilation The first sound colors the second sound -s ending / -d (or –ed) ending Voicing (hard to change without stress) Bag + s  sounds like bagz (why? G makes the throat vibrate, Z makes the throat vibrate) – also run + s  runz Fish + ed  fisht (SH no vibration / T no vibration)  [hold your hand on your throat and say the sounds]

8. Assimilation Regressive Assimilation Second sound colors the first (often from voiced –vibrating- to not voiced – no vibration) Have + To  /h{ft@/ since no stress, the V has to change to F The lack of stress is what is causing the change

9. Assimilation Coalescent Assimilation (Additive) Sound A mixes with Sound B making a new sound that is easier + Usually when S, Z, T, D is followed by Y Sound ASound B Sound C

10. Assimilation /s/ + /j/ = /S/ like “this year” /z/ + /j/ = /Z/ like “does your” /t/ + /j/ = / tS/ like “that your” /ts/ + /j/ = / tS/ like “lets your” /d/ + /j/ = /dZ/ like “would you” /dz/ + /j/ = /dZ/ like “needs your”

11. Deletion Delete the T when /nt/ happens between two vowels (winter can sound like winner) Delete T or D when in a cluster of consonants even across a word break (kindness  kinness) (don’t know  dunno)

12. Epenthesis Adding a sound to make something easier to say. -s and –ed endings. Hard to say S, Z, SH, and Z followed by a S or Z sound, so I is added to make it easier Hard to say D or T followed by a T or D sound, so I is added to make it easier

13. Example Does he …andDoes she… /dVzhi/ /dVzSi/ Z – H is hard to sayZ – SH hard to say Z – strong: H – notZ – strong: SH – too Z staysSH stays /dVzi//dVSi/

14. Go to the Quiz Week 3: Reductions All images in the power point were found using the insert online pictures function with the creative commons image search option which is a feature of Microsoft PowerPoint 2013. Phoneme information from Celce-Murcia et al. (1996) Quiz: Reductions