1. Birth of the Republic

2. Ratifying the Constitution To become part of the new republic, each state had to ratify the Constitution. Delaware was the first state. PA, NJ, GA, CT, MA, MD, SC, and NH all made it official. (needed 9 to pass) VA, NY and NC all ratified it. RI didn’t ratify it until 1790 and VT became a state in 1791. The new government officially took over in 1789.

3. North Carolina and Ratification Divided between Federalists and Antifederalists. Did not ratify it in 1788. Northeastern NC, a wealthy part of the state threatened to secede. Ratified in 1789 in Fayetteville, thanks in part to William Davie and James Iredell. Ratified it with the promise of a Bill of Rights.

4. The Bill of Rights For some states, and some people like Jefferson, to be satisfied, in order to pass the Constitution, a Bill of Rights was necessary for ratification. James Madison, who wrote most of the Constitution, wrote the Bill of Rights. They are the first 10 amendments to the Constitution. These rights, at the time, did not fully apply to women, freed blacks, and did not apply at all to slaves or Indians.

5. The Amendments 1 st : Freedom of speech, press, religion, and assembly. 2 nd : Right to bear arms. 3 rd : No quartering of soldiers during time of peace. 4 th : You need a warrant. Unreasonable search and seizures. 5 th : Right to due process, no double jeopardy, right to no self-incrimination.

6. The Amendments 6 th : Rights to a speedy trial. Rights of the accused. 7 th : Right to trial by jury. 8 th : No excessive bail or cruel and unusual punishment. 9 th : just because a certain right is not specifically listed or explicitly protected by the Constitution does not mean that right does not exist. 10 th : All other unlisted powers and rights are given to the states and/or people.

7. Question Time 1. Why is important to give rights to those who are accused of committing crimes? 2. Why was it important to have these rights as part of the constitution before some states ratified it?

8. All men created equal? Originally, only WHITE, PROPERTY OWNING MEN were allowed to vote in the US!

9. Role of Women Primary role was as wives, mothers, and homemakers Poor, single women might work outside the home as servants Had few property rights, could not vote

10. Abigail Adams Wife of John Adams Pushed for women’s rights to education, own property, and have a voice in politics "...remember the ladies … Do not put such unlimited power into the hands of the Husbands … all Men would be tyrants if they could … [we] will not hold ourselves bound by any Laws in which we have no voice, or Representation.”

11. Native American Relations As more white settlers pushed west, they came into increasing conflict with Native Americans Natives were NOT considered US citizens, and so had few rights US law protected settlers over native interests

12. Western Indian Confederacy Many Great Lakes area tribes worked together to present a united front against US expansion Distrusted the US Government which kept breaking promises.

13. Tennessee & Kentucky become states First settled by whites in the 1750s and 1760s Led to conflicts with native groups Kentucky became the 15 th state in 1792 Tennessee became the 16 th state in 1796

14. Issues with Indians The Indians in the Ohio River Valley were not happy with the Americans. They did not like that Americans were pushing into their lands or the other Indian tribes that were pushed in that direction. There were many Indian uprisings until General “Mad” Anthony Wayne crushed an Indian force at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794. Many tribal leaders had to sign the Treaty of Greenville in 1794 which gave the Indians $10,000 a year if they gave up land in the Ohio Valley. Settlers ignored which land was given to Indians.

15. Tecumseh Shawnee tribal leader Attempted to unite all Natives against US after 1800. Opposed all treaties with US government Allied himself with the British before and during the War of 1812 Killed during the war in Canada.

16. More Problems with Indians As Americans pushed West, there were more conflicts with the Indians. Tecumseh led an Indian revolt in the Ohio, Mississippi, and Tennessee Valleys. Tecumseh’s revolt ended when William Henry Harrison defeated Tenskwatawa, Tecumseh’s brother at the Battle of Tippecanoe. Tecumseh fled to Canada. This was, in large part, because the British supported his revolt.

17. Question Time 3. Why do you think that only white landowning men could vote? 4. What is causing the problems between settlers and Indians? 5. In the end, why were the Indians not successful in defending their lands?

18. Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin Machine that separated usable cotton from its seeds Made cotton farming more profitable and led to the rise of “King Cotton”, the South’s dependency on the cotton trade Growth in the cotton trade led to further growth in slavery

19. Slavery: a “necessary evil” 3/5ths Compromise in Constitution only counted slaves as 3/5 of a person Slaves were NOT citizens and had no legal rights Some free blacks in the North did enjoy citizenship. By 1800, close to 1 million slaves in US, or about 1/6 of the population

20. Beginnings of the Abolitionist movement Many people opposed slavery Most northern states passed laws ending slavery there Even some slave owners like Washington and Jefferson felt slavery was immoral

21. Question Time 6. Why did the cotton gin change everything in regards to slavery? 7. Why did so many people regard slavery to be an evil?