1. New Innovations, Cattle Drives and Important People in Texas after Reconstruction

2. Windmills Invented in late 1880’s Could now tap into underground water supply, Aquifers - large reservoirs of water underground Used energy from the steady winds to pull water up into surface wells. Windmills turned thousands of desolate acres into productive land for cattle, farms, and towns. Having readily available water sources helped to influence the development of Farming

4. Railroads Grew from 600 miles of track in Texas, to over 9,000 miles from 1870 – 1890 Cheaper, more direct link to northern markets for cattle Ranchers No longer needed long, punishing cattle drives where rattlesnakes were feared above all else! James Hogg – set up the Texas Railroad Commission to protect citizens from unfair business practices http://youtu.be/a8lX5A2q-Eo

6. Cattle Drives The Chisholm Trail In 1883, all the cattle in the world seemed to be coming up out of Texas. When I rode up on a little hill to look for the horses, I could see seven herds behind us. I knew that there were eight herds ahead of us, and I could see the dust from thirteen more of them on the other side of the river.– Teddy Blue Abbott on the North Platte River, 1883 Nine million cattle were driven over trails from Texas to northern markets between 1867 and 1890. The cowboys who tended these cattle and drove them north became iconic American heroes in the 1880s and 1890s. http://youtu.be/iTzFDQo3U8o http://youtu.be/PaHQ2vrt0ak

8. Goodnight Loving Trail Oliver Loving was Goodnight's partner Older cowboy who raised cattle and ran a small shipping business. During the Civil War he had prospered by selling Confederate forces his beef. 1866 they set out with two thousand head to blaze a trail from Texas to Fort Sumner, New Mexico, which became known as the Goodnight-Loving Trail. Loving died after fighting off a band of Comanche’s who attacked him on the trail in1867. Goodnight-Loving Trail became one of the most heavily traveled in the Southwest. Charles Goodnight, 20 years old, entered the cattle business Goodnight joined the Texas Rangers in 1857 and fought for the Confederacy in the Civil War. After the war, Goodnight took his herd of cattle toward New Mexico and Colorado, regardless of that getting there would mean driving the herd across a water-less stretch of west Texas. A pioneer in cattle breeding, Goodnight crossed the tough but scrawny Texas longhorns with the more traditional Herefords to produce a longhorn breed. He also crossed buffalo with cattle to produce the first "cattalo."

10. Barbed Wire Joseph F. Glidden - Illinois farmer who invented barbed wire Invented in 1870 Transformed Texas and American West Ranchers could control breeding, produce better quality beef in greater quantities Farmers could keep animals from trampling and eating their crops END TO OPEN RANGE and cattle drives

11. Buffalo Soldier: Six African American regiments of the U.S. Army were formed after the Civil War and they helped to keep the peace among Kiowa’s, Comanche’s and other Native American tribes in the West Who were they: African American men who fought in the US Army and Confederate Army 180,000 total men. 36,000 Killed in Action http://youtu.be/eksV02us5DQ

12. Buffalo Soldiers In 1866, through an act of congress, legislation was adopted to create six all African American army units. Helped keep the peace among American Indians in the West after the Civil War

14. Native American’s By 1850, most Native American Indian's had been moved off eastern land and settled in the West. During the Civil War all the federal soldiers left Texas to fight and the western territories were left isolated and vulnerable to the Plains Indians. Settlers lived in constant fear of attack. Gov't tried to get Plains Indian’s to sign a treaty called the Treaty of Medicine Lodge Creek that offered peace and aide if the tribes would agree to leave Texas land and settle on a Reservation (in present day Oklahoma). The Plains Indians refused to sign the treaty. "I love the land and the buffalo and will not part with it. I want you to understand well what I say. Write it on paper...I hear a great deal of good talk from the gentlemen who the Great Father sends us, but they never do what they say. I don't want any of the medicine lodges (schools and churches) within the country. I want the children raised as I was." - Santanta, most famous Kiowa Chief

15. Quanah Parker The son of Cynthia Ann Parker - an Anglo American girl who was stolen as a child and raised by a Comanche couple – Married a young chief and raised a family. – 24 years later, Texas Rangers found her any took her and her daughter back to East Texas against her will. – She left behind her husband and sons. Quanah Parker was one of her sons. Last Chief of the Comanche’s. His tribe roamed West Texas. Eventually assimilated into American culture and influenced other American Indians to do so.

16. Quanah Parker Parker spent 10 years trying to stop the spread of Anglo American settlements in the West Fought in many battles against federal soldiers and Buffalo soldiers. He went on to lead his people into peace Eventually became a successful rancher and cattleman. He had a mansion on his land to hold his 7 wives and numerous children. He always kept his Native American identity and refused to cut off his long braids. (also wore his mothers, attached to his own)

17. Where did all the Buffalo go? The US gov't was facing hardships getting rid of the Native American’s Solution: Kill the buffalo – their life source. The only goal was to kill them and strip the hide off. Every other part of the buffalo was left to rot. In a few decades the buffalo were near critical extinction. (completely wiped out) The Native American's had no choice but to move off the land. http://youtu.be/dPzeY9itfLE - Buffalo Hunt http://youtu.be/dPzeY9itfLE http://youtu.be/ZkDqzpNsg6U - Buffalo killing http://youtu.be/ZkDqzpNsg6U