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© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Chapter 2 Organizing Public Security in the United States 2-1
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© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Introduction The public security industry is enormous, expanding every year U.S. security industry spends an immense amount of money and provides jobs for millions of people The security industry operates on all governmental levels Local level (villages, towns, counties, tribes, and cities), state level, and federal level There are a vast number of various law enforcement jobs from which to choose 2-2
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© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. The U.S. Public Security Industry Extremely complex and expensive undertaking U.S. approach to law enforcement is unique Law enforcement is primarily the responsibility of local governments (local control) LEMAS program gives statistical reports Sworn law enforcement employee average of 2.51 per 1000 citizens Many employment opportunities in U.S. law enforcement at the federal, state, and local levels 2-3
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© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Local Law Enforcement METROPOLITAN LAW ENFORCEMENT Most officers primarily perform patrol duties Spending more time on antiterrorism duties Larger metropolitan areas have overlapping jurisdictions Special jurisdiction agencies 4
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© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Local Law Enforcement COUNTY LAW ENFORCEMENT Patrolled by a sheriff’s department Duties of a county sheriff’s office vary Several different types L.A. Sheriff’s Dept. Largest Contracts services 5
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© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Local Law Enforcement RURAL AND SMALL-TOWN LAW ENFORCEMENT Serious problems because of their size No immediate backup Locally made methamphetamine Gangs becoming a problem Changing demographics Mostly short-lived, dissipate quickly 6
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© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Local Law Enforcement INDIAN COUNTRY AND TRIBAL LAW ENFORCEMENT First regulated by the U.S. Army Jurisdictional confusion Governmental power to make or enforce laws in Indian country is divided Federal governments State governments Tribal governments 7
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© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Local Law Enforcement CAMPUS LAW ENFORCEMENT Nearly all public campuses use sworn officers Working relationships with local law enforcement Nearly all provide 24-hour patrol services Blue-light emergency phones 8
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© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Local Law Enforcement LOCAL LAW ENFORCEMENT AND ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION Cooperation with federal immigration officials “Don’t ask” policies Sanctuary cities Police Foundation report (2009) 9
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© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Law Enforcement in the Era of Reduced Budgets 2008 recession Levels of government fighting for financial resources Public still demands same level of service Growing importance of volunteers and technology 10
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© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. State Law Enforcement 49 states have a primary enforcement agency Hawaii uses several statewide agencies Generally patrol small towns and state highways Responsible for enforcing some state laws Centralized model of state law enforcement Decentralized model of state law enforcement 11
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© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Discussion Question Law enforcement in the United States has developed over the years based on a philosophy of local control. Discuss how this is different than most other countries. Do you agree or disagree with this philosophy? 12
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© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Federal Law Enforcement DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE Legal and prosecutorial arm of the U.S. government National Institute of Justice (NIJ) National Criminal Justice Reference System (NCJRS) 13
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© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Federal Law Enforcement DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE (continued) Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Identification Division National Crime Information Center (NCIC) FBI Crime Laboratory Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) Investigatory Activities 14
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© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Federal Law Enforcement DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE (continued) Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) U.S. Marshals Service Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF) Operation Fast and Furious Guns walking across Mexico–U.S. border Straw buyers 15
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© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Discussion Question How does the Federal Bureau of Investigation fit into policing in the United States? Is it a national police force? Why or why not? 16
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© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Federal Law Enforcement DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY Internal Revenue Service (IRS) Executive Office for Asset Forfeiture (EOAF) Executive Office for Terrorist Financing and Financial Crime (EOTF/FC) Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) 17
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© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Federal Law Enforcement DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY Established in March 2003 Merged 22 previously disparate domestic agencies Protection against further terrorist attacks U.S. Secret Service 18
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© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Federal Law Enforcement DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Law enforcement for the property under its purview Protects most of the nation’s historic icons Agents known as commissioned park rangers 2008 report by Inspector General Agency is understaffed Important sites are weakly guarded 19
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© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Federal Law Enforcement DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE Each branch has its own law enforcement agency Army’s Criminal Investigation Division (CID) Naval Criminal Investigative Service (NCID) Air Force Office of Special Investigations (OSI) 20
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© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Federal Law Enforcement U.S. POSTAL SERVICE Postal Inspections Division Postal Inspectors Criminal investigations More than 200 federal statutes 21
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© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Federal Law Enforcement OTHER FEDERAL ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES Food and Drug Administration U.S. Supreme Court U.S. Capitol Police U.S. Mint Many others 22
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© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Federal Law Enforcement JOINT FEDERAL AND LOCAL TASK FORCE APPROACH TO LAW ENFORCEMENT Joint federal and local task forces Innovative approach Temporary assignments Particular crimes Knowledge of local area Federal resources 23
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© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. International Police Interpol Worldwide organization Established for cooperation among nations Founded in 1923 United States became a member in 1938 Main function is informational Headquartered in France 24
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© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Discussion Question What is the main function of Interpol? Is it an investigative agency? Is it an enforcement agency? 25
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© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Summary Local, state, and federal criminal justice agencies employ about 2.4 million people. Law enforcement is primarily the responsibility of local governments. The United States does not have a national police force, unlike most other countries. The U.S. law enforcement industry is enormous in both size and scope. Local, state, and private agencies reengineered themselves to address the need for homeland defense. 26
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