1. Learning

2.  Learning: A relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience  Types of Learning 1. Associative learning- make a connection between events 2. Observational learning- observe and imitate another’s behavior Feldman, R. S. (2013). Understanding psychology (11th ed.). New York: McGraw Hill.

4.  Ivan Pavlov  Neutral stimulus comes to bring about a response after it is: ◦ Paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response

6.  "Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select--doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief, and, yes, even beggarman and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors. I am going beyond my facts and I admit it, but so have the advocates of the contrary and they have been doing it for many thousands of years." ◦ John B. Watson, Behaviorism, 1930

7.  John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner (1920) - Case study of “Little Albert”  Phobias - Intense, irrational fears  Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

8.  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xt0ucxOr PQE http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xt0ucxOr PQE

9.  Learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened ◦ Depends on its favorable or unfavorable consequences  better at explaining voluntary behaviors  the consequences of a behavior change the probability of that behavior’s occurrence

10.  Responses that lead to satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated ◦ consequence strengthens or weakens a S – R connection  B.F. Skinner ◦ expanded on Thorndike’s work ◦ shaping (reward approximations of the desired behavior)

12.  http://www.simplypsychology.org/edward- thorndike.html http://www.simplypsychology.org/edward- thorndike.html

13.  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LSv992Ts 6as&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LSv992Ts 6as&feature=related

14.  Reinforcement: Process by which a stimulus increases the probability that: ◦ A preceding behavior will be repeated  Reinforcer: Any stimulus that increases the probability that a preceding behavior will occur again ◦ Primary ◦ Secondary

15.  Primary Reinforcers ◦ innately satisfying  Secondary Reinforcers ◦ become satisfying through experience ◦ repeated association with a pre-existing reinforcer ◦ token economy

16.  Positive reinforcers: Stimulus added to the environment that brings about an increase in a preceding response  Negative reinforcers: Unpleasant stimulus ◦ Removal leads to an increase in the probability that a preceding response will be repeated  behavior followed by rewarding consequence  aversive (unpleasant) stimulus is “removed”

17. Behavior Increases Stimulus Added Positive Reinforcement “Pigeon gets food for pecking” Stimulus Removed Negative Reinforcement “Aversive noise turns off when pecking”

19.  This one:  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OxdtMVw w2q0&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OxdtMVw w2q0&feature=related

20.  Avoidance Reinforcement ◦ …by making a particular response, a negative stimulus can be avoided

21.  Acquisition ◦ in operant conditioning refers to the initial phase of learning a new pattern of behavior  Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery ◦ behavior decreases when reinforcement stops

22.  Different patterns of frequency and timing of reinforcement following desired behavior  Continuous reinforcement schedule: Reinforcing of a behavior every time it occurs  Partial (intermittent) reinforcement schedule: Reinforcing of a behavior some but not all of the time ◦ Two categories  Number of response made before reinforcement  Amount of time that elapses before reinforcement

23.  Fixed-ratio schedule: Reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses  Variable-ratio schedule: Occurs after a varying number of responses

24.  Fixed-interval schedule ◦ Provides reinforcement for a response only if a fixed time period has elapsed ◦ Overall rates of response are relatively low  Variable-interval schedule ◦ Time between reinforcements varies around some average rather than being fixed

26.  Punishment: Stimulus that decreases the probability that a prior behavior will occur again ◦ Positive punishment - Application of an unpleasant stimulus  behavior followed by aversive consequence  aversive (unpleasant) stimulus is “added” ◦ Negative punishment - Removal of something pleasant  behavior followed by aversive consequence  rewarding stimulus is “removed”

28. Behavior IncreasesBehavior Decreases Stimulus Added Positive Reinforcement “Pigeon gets food for pecking” Positive Punishment “Pigeon gets shocked when pecking” Stimulus Removed Negative Reinforcement “Aversive noise turns off when pecking” Negative Punishment “Food is removed when pecking”

31.  Pros of punishment: ◦ Appropriate for dangerous behaviors ◦ Temporary suppression may provide opportunity to reinforce more desirable behavior  Cons of Punishment: ◦ Frequently ineffective ◦ Physical punishment has harmful side-effects  Fear, lowered self-esteem ◦ Does not relay information about alternative, more desired behavior

32.  What am I? ◦ Variable interval, fixed interval, variable ratio, fixed ratio 1. Get a hug for every 3 rd “A” 2. Halloween 3. Watching and seeing shooting stars on a dark night 4. The number of people who successfully buy cookies from girl scouts

33.  Rewarding closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior ◦ Animal training ◦ Textbook organization

34.  Biological constraints - Built-in limitations in the ability of animals to learn particular behaviors ◦ E.g., snakes  Evolutionary explanations of behavior

35.  Behavior modification: Promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing unwanted ones

36.  Techniques Identify Goals and Target Behaviors Design a Data-Recording System and Record Preliminary Data Select a Behavior-Change Strategy Implement the Program Keep Careful Records after the Program is Implemented Evaluate and Alter the Ongoing Program