1. The Hopes of Immigrants CH.14 Section 1 BY: Avery Hicks, Deanna Ulaj, Sofia Alidina

2. During the 1800s the United States faced over crowding as many Europeans came to the U.S. to build a better life.

3. Emigrant Immigrant Steerage Push-Pull Factors Famine

4. Emigrant- A person who leaves a country. Immigrant- A person who settles in a new country. Steerage- The cheapest deck or place on a ship

5. Push-Pull Factors- A factor that pushes people out of their native lands and pulls them to a new place. Famine- A severe food shortage.

6. One American’s Story- In June of 1831 Gjert Hovland left Norway for America. He became an emigrant, when he left his country, and an immigrant when he settled in America. He boasted that America was a land of opportunity, as Americans could travel and work freely, and vote for the representatives.

7. The immigrants came from Britain, Ireland, Germany, Scandinavia, and China. Nearly all immigrants were forced to make their journey in steerage. The conditions here were filthy, and many passengers became ill and died along the way.

8. Population growth better food and sanitation caused Europe become over crowded. Agricultural changes: Landlords forced tentants off the land when new methods made it easier to farm large areas of land.

9. Crop Failure- Small farmers had trouble paying there debts due to crop failure. This lead to hunger causing people to emigrate. Industrial Revolution- Factory machines replaced and many European artisans had to take factory jobs or migrate. Religious and political turmoil- Quakers left from Norway and Jews left Germans to avoid religious persecution. The revolution in Germany failed in 1848, and many Germans came to America.

10. Freedom- “Everyone has the freedom to practice the teaching and religion he prefers,” Gjert Hovland. Abundant land- The Louisiana Purchase and the Mexican Cession Gave the US more land, which attracted Europeans. Scandinavians Seek Land- Scandinavians were attracted to from immigrating by a Sweedish law of 1768, but the law was canceled due to poverty. Clergymen also tried to keep the Scandinavians at home, but many left anyway. When arriving in the US, they chose the Midwest because of its familiar lakes, forests, and cold winters.

11. Germans Pursue Economic Opportunity- Many Germans also moved to the Midwest so they could grow their oats. Some also moved to Milwaukee, Wisconsin because of their German Catholic bishop, Texas (land was sold in parcels to them by German nobles),

12. The town had to endure problems with Native Americans and poor harvests. Germans founded Fredericksburg, Texas. The immigrants settled on farms and in cities. Many German artisans opened successful businesses. Some immigrants were Jews that worked as traveling salespeople. Some went on to open their own general stores, and move into cities. Germans were the largest immigrant group in the 1800s and brought over the Christmas tree, gymnasiums, kindergartens, and the hamburger and frankfurter.

13. Most Irish immigrants were Catholic and came to America to avoid religious persecution from the Protestant British who owned Ireland for centuries. In 1845, the Irish Potato Famine killed 1.5 to 2 million people, and also caused people to emigrate. By 1850, the Irish made up one fourth of the population off Boston, NY, Philadelphia, and Baltimore. They had to settle in these port cities because many of them arrived with little or no savings. They were forced compete with free blacks to do the dangerous and dirty jobs that no one else wanted.

14. As well as the immigrants, Americans also moved to the cities to make more money. Together, this caused New York’s, St. Louis’s, and Cincinnati’s population to greatly increase.

15. THIS CAUSED Problems SUCH AS… not enough housing for immigrants, large apartment buildings were squeezed onto small lots, and they lacked light, fresh air, and sanitation. In these urban neighborhoods, crime flourished. American cities were unprepared for these problems. They only had a volunteer fire department before the 1860s, and they didn’t have enough sewers. The immigrants found housing and word by aid organizations and societies.

16. Immigrants faced prejudice because many Americans thought that immigrants were too foreign to learn American ways, and would outnumber natives. Some Protestants thought that the Catholics would overthrow democracy. The native-born Americans who opposed immigration called themselves nativists. The nativists did things like refusing to hire immigrants, and refusing to vote for immigrants and Catholics.

17. KNOW NOTHING PARTY- in the 1850s the nativists started a political party called the Know Nothing Party that wanted to ban Catholics and immigrants from holding office, cut immigration, and have a 21 year wait to become a citizen of America. They disappeared when their two branches couldn’t agree on what do about slavery.

18. ALL IN ALL- The immigrants had a strong impact on America, and American culture was shaped by writers and artists. In 1853 German immigrants John Jacob Baucsh and Henry Lomb started the world’s largest lens maker company. German immigrant Alexander Rothschild ran a Popular hotel in 1851.

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