1. Cable Fault Products
from
Megger

2. Megger experience in cable fault location
Patents from Megger:-
1957: Bechtel:
Fault Location in Electrical Cables
1974: Ironside
Multiple Null Bridges
1992: Steiner:
DART Differential Arc Reflection Technique

3. Ingredients for success
Products designed to meet customers’ need to reduce customer minutes lost
Design Criteria
Ease of use
Rapid, accurate and safe
Pre and pinpoint location of faults
Fully integrated system
Robust

4. What is Megger’s “Logical Approach”?
A Logical way of looking at faults,
Choosing the right method,
for the right fault.

5. Megger’s “Logical Approach”
Fault Notification
Fault Diagnosis
LOW
resistance fault
<300 Ω
HIGH
resistance fault
>300 Ω
C.O.T., C.O.C. Method
LV Methods of
Pre-Location
HV Methods of
Pre-Location
Fault Located?
Fault Located?
Pinpoint
Fault Location No
Yes
Yes
Supply restored
Fault corrected
Yes No
Fault
Conditioning

6. Megger’s “Logical Approach”
Terms Explained
Fault Diagnosis
Apart from determining the faulty phase, WE NEED TO KNOW what type of fault we have, low or high resistance.
Low Resistance (<300 Ω approx)
Standard Pulse Echo (T.D.R) method (low voltage)
High Resistance (>300 Ω approx)
Arc Reflection, Arc Reflection Plus, Impulse Current, Voltage Decay (high voltage)

7. Megger’s Logical Approach
Terms Explained
Low resistance fault - low voltage methods
A TDR transmits a pulse along the conductor. If the conductor is of a uniform impedance there will be no reflection. Any changes in impedance will cause some or all of the pulse to be reflected back.
Pulse from TDR
Reflection
High resistance
Low resistance

8. Megger’s “Logical Approach”
Terms Explained
High resistance fault - high voltage methods
Several methods available in Megger PFLs that use a high voltage source:-
Arc Reflection.
Impulse Current, also known as Surge Impulse, Current Impulse.
Voltage Decay, can be known as Voltage Oscillation, Voltage Impulse.

9. Megger’s “Logical Approach”
Terms Explained
Arc Reflection.
The principle is very simple:- An arc (or breakdown) is created at the point of fault ,in effect a short circuit to Earth. During this arc a standard pulse echo measurement is taken into the arc. This measurement is then compared with a previously stored trace. The point of fault is clearly visible as the point that the two traces split. Normally only a single breakdown or flashover at the fault is required.
Reference Trace
Arc Trace
Point of Divergence

10. Megger’s “Logical Approach”
Terms Explained
Arc Reflection Plus Unique to Megger
In Arc Reflection Plus we take up to 1024 traces during the arc (breakdown), giving the operator the ability to select the “best” trace i.e. The one showing the best point of divergence
Differential Arc Reflection Unique to Megger
In Differential Arc Reflection (D.A.R.T.) the reference trace is mathematically subtracted from the trace obtained during the arc. This removes unwanted and confusing reflection, leaving a clean trace with only the fault position being displayed by a positive pulse .

11. Megger’s “Logical Approach”
Terms Explained
Impulse Current
In impulse current we generate a flashover at the point of fault with a high voltage surge generator (thumper). The resultant parasitic signals are reflected both to the end of the cable and back towards the PFL, where they are detected by a CT and then captured by the MTDR100 which is acting as a storage scope.
Typical Trace

12. Megger’s “Logical Approach”
Terms Explained
Voltage Decay.
In voltage decay we generate a flashover at the point of fault with a high voltage d.c. source. The resultant parasitic signals are reflected both to the far end of the cable and back towards the PFL, where they are detected by a voltage divider, and then fed to the MTDR100 which is acting as a storage scope.
Typical Trace

13. Megger’s “Logical Approach”
Terms Explained
Fault Conditioning
In the event that none of the low voltage or high voltage methods of pre-location have been successful we may need to “condition” the fault.
This means we need to create a stable fault condition breakdown, which is achieved by apply current following breakdown. The objective of this is to create a “carbon bridge” to earth, we can then use our standard low voltage pulse echo method.

14. Megger’s “Logical Approach”
Terms Explained
Fault Conditioning
Where the fault condition is unstable i.e. flashing, or only occasionally breaking down, we again need to revert to fault conditioning (burning) to create a stable fault condition.
Warning !
Excessive use of “burning” can create problems !
Excessive burning can damage adjacent cables/ancillaries
Excessive burning can create “dead short” which means the fault will not flashover, creating difficulties in pinpointing.

15. Megger’s “Logical Approach”
Terms Explained
Pinpointing
Pinpointing is locating the “exact” position of the fault. This is achieved by using a surge generator (thumper) and detecting the electromagnetic and audio signals emitted from the flashover (fault)
Fault
Manhole
Time between max
EM and Acoustic signals
Max EM signal
Max Acoustic signal

16. Megger’s “Logical Approach”
Terms Explained
C.O.T. Method
Cup of tea method. If you are unsure walk away, have a cup of tea, refresh yourself and then go back.
C.O.C. Method
Cup of coffee method. If you are unsure walk away, have a cup of tea, refresh yourself and then go back.
G.O.B. Method
Glass of beer method.
It’s your fault to find
and
it’s your fault if you don’t find it!
It’s also to your credit when you do.

17. Cable Fault Location and HV Test System
PFL22M1500
Cable Fault Location and HV Test System
Arc Reflection
Arc Reflection Plus
Impulse Current
I.C.E.
Voltage Decay
Burn
Proof/Burn
Continuity
Insulation Resistance
Test/Proof
Pulse Echo
TDR
Pinpoint Surge
Generator
Fault Located
Fault Not Located
Fault Not Located
R <300 Ω
R >300 Ω

18. NEW PFL22M1500 Cable Fault Location Module
New CFL products from
Design Criteria
Rapid , accurate and safe
Ease of use
Pre and pinpoint location of faults
Fully integrated system
Robust
NEW PFL22M1500 Cable Fault Location Module
NEW MTDR100 TDR (Integrated in PFL’s)

19. Cable Fault Location and HV Test System
PFL22M1500
Cable Fault Location and HV Test System

20. Cable Fault Location and HV Test System
PFL22M1500
Cable Fault Location and HV Test System
PFL22M1500 Design Features
Compete in a world-wide market place
All new design.
2-range (constant energy) .
Manual control system, easy to use, elegant, suitable for world-wide applications.
New MTDR
Value for money, easy to use.
Rapid , accurate and safe.
Pre and pinpoint location of faults.
Fully integrated system.
Rugged field use.

21. Cable Fault Location and HV Test System
PFL22M1500
Cable Fault Location and HV Test System
Key Specifications
High Voltage Elements
Surge Output: 2-range
0 - 8kV & kV
1500 Joules
d.c Output: 0-10kV & 0-20kV (-ve)
0 – 10kV
0 - 20kV
Supply: 2-range Universal AVSM
V.a.c. & V.a.c.
47 – 63Hz
Optional V.d.c. Inverter

22. Cable Fault Location and HV Test System
PFL22M1500
Cable Fault Location and HV Test System
Key Specifications
Cable Fault Location Elements
Prelocation
LV methods: Pulse Echo
HV methods: Arc Reflection
Arc Reflection Plus (ARP)
Differential Arc Reflection (DART)
Impulse Current (current impulse)
Pinpointing: Acoustic and Electromagnetic
(with MPP)

23. Cable Fault Location and HV Test System
PFL22M1500
Cable Fault Location and HV Test System
Key Specifications
T.D.R. (Radar) Elements
Operation: Single Jog-Dial ; Menu Driven
Range: 10 ranges,
100m to 55km
Pulse Width: 50 ns to 10μs
Display: XGA 1024 x ”
Storage: On-board file manager and USB
Software: CS1 upload/download and review

24. Cable Fault Location and HV Test System
PFL22M1500
Cable Fault Location and HV Test System

25. Cable Fault Location and HV Test System
PFL22M1500
Cable Fault Location and HV Test System

26. Cable Fault Location and HV Test System
PFL22M1500
Cable Fault Location and HV Test System
Status Bar
Red Active / Green Grounded
Warning Lamp
External Interlock
Zero Start Interlock
Range Switch Interlock
Blue LED
Voltage Preview
Mode Switch Interlock
Cable Interlock
ON/OFF
Emergency Stop
Zero Start Position
Safety

27. Cable Fault Location and HV Test System Red Active / Green Grounded
PFL22M1500
Cable Fault Location and HV Test System
Display
Status Bar
Red Active / Green Grounded
Voltage Preview
Indicator
Analogue
d.c. Milliamp meter
Analogue
d.c. Kilovolt meter
NB: Analogue metering chosen as it is responsive and gives a visual indication of even slight changes or kicks !
NB: Analogue metering also gives a visual, easy to understand indication of trends.

28. Cable Fault Location and HV Test System
PFL22M1500
Cable Fault Location and HV Test System
Arc Reflection Select
Illuminated Pushbutton
Voltage Selector Switch
Illuminated
initiate Start/Stop
Surge Select
Illuminated Pushbuttons
TDR Select
ON/OFF
Emergency Stop
Surge Repetition
Control Knob
Proof/Burn Select
Controls
Voltage Control Knob
Mode Selector Switch

29. Cable Fault Location and HV Test System
PFL22M1500
Cable Fault Location and HV Test System
External HV Interlock
Connection
Earth/Ground
Warning Beacon
External Battery
Connection (+)
Connection (-)
External Connections

30. Cable Fault Location and HV Test System
PFL22M1500
Cable Fault Location and HV Test System
Operation
Turn on the Unit
Pull out Emergency Stop, to turn the unit on.
All lamps will illuminate during self test.
NB: The Voltage and Mode selector switches are locked in position during transportation to help avoid mishandling. Therefore they cannot be moved turned until the unit is turned on.

31. Cable Fault Location and HV Test System
PFL22M1500
Cable Fault Location and HV Test System
Operation
2.a. Voltage Selection
To select the required voltage range, either 0-10 or 0-20kV lift the voltage selector switch, rotate to the desired voltage range and depress.
NB: If the voltage or mode selection switches are not fully depressed, the appropriate interlock lamp will be illuminated.

32. Cable Fault Location and HV Test System
PFL22M1500
Cable Fault Location and HV Test System
Operation
2.b. Voltage Selection
Once the required voltage range is selected, the required voltage is obtained by rotating the voltage control knob.
Voltage will be displayed on the voltmeter, however no voltage is actually being applied to the test piece, whilst the blue voltage preview lamp is illuminated. It is purely a voltage “preview”

33. Cable Fault Location and HV Test System
PFL22M1500
Cable Fault Location and HV Test System
Operation
3.a. Mode Selection
To select the desired mode from the two groups; Arc Reflection - TDR or Proof/Burn - Surge, lift the mode selector switch, rotate to the desired group and depress. Ensuring it is fully home.

34. Cable Fault Location and HV Test System
PFL22M1500
Cable Fault Location and HV Test System
Operation
3.b. Mode Selection
Arc Reflection & TDR or Proof/Burn & Surge.
Following selection the blue lights will be illuminated.
To select either mode (from the group) depress the illuminated pushbutton. The other pushbutton lamp will go out.

35. Cable Fault Location and HV Test System
PFL22M1500
Cable Fault Location and HV Test System
Operation
Initiate (Start)
To start any “activity” the illuminated “initiate” button is pressed.
NB: In d.c. mode this initiate lamp flashes to show that d.c. Is active.

36. Cable Fault Location and HV Test System
PFL22M1500
Cable Fault Location and HV Test System
Review
High Voltage
2-range; 0-8 kV & 0-16 kV 1500 Joule
0-10 kV & 0-20 kV 115 mA & 58 mA
Modes of CFL
Prelocation
Pulse Echo, Arc Reflection, Arc Reflection Plus, Differential Arc Reflection, Impulse Current
Conditioning
Proof/Burn 0-10 kV & 0-20 kV dc : 115 mA & 58 mA
Pinpointing
0-8 kV & 0-16 kV Surge 1500J oule

37. Cable Fault Location and HV Test System
PFL22M1500
Cable Fault Location and HV Test System
MTDR100 (as integrated in PFL22M1500)

38. Cable Fault Location and HV Test System
PFL22M1500
Cable Fault Location and HV Test System
MTDR100 Key Specifications
Operation: Single Jog-Dial ; Menu Driven
Range: 10 ranges,
100 m to 55 km
Pulse Width: 50 ns to 10 μs
Display: XGA 1024 x ”
Storage: On-board file manager and USB
Office Software CS1 upload/download and review traces on pc.

39. Cable Fault Location and HV Test System
PFL22M1500
Cable Fault Location and HV Test System
MTDR100 Display
Status Bar
Operator Settings
Menu and Sub-Menus
Trace
Cursors

40. Cable Fault Location and HV Test System
PFL22M1500
Cable Fault Location and HV Test System
MTDR100 Display
Status Bar
Cable Type: Selected from cable library, or custom cable put in by operator
Vp: Velocity factor, set by operator or by default setting in cable library
Pulse: Pulse width, either set automatically with range or set by operator
Gain: Amplification applied to the trace
Range: Set by operator
Trace # : The number of the trace (Arc Reflection Plus only)

41. Cable Fault Location and HV Test System
PFL22M1500
Cable Fault Location and HV Test System
MTDR100 Display
Operator Menu Bar
Range: Ranges from 100 m to 55 km
Pulse Width: Set from 50 ns to 10 μs or Auto with range
Gain: Set gain to be applied to trace
Velocity: Set velocity factor of cable (library or custom)
Test: Used to activate the TDR/Pulse Echo modes
Arm: Used in Arc Reflection or Impulse Current modes to activate high speed storage facilities of the MTDR100
Cursors: Used to activate and move left and right cursors

42. Cable Fault Location and HV Test System
PFL22M1500
Cable Fault Location and HV Test System
MTDR100 Display
Operator Menu Bar
Arc Plus: Arc Reflection Plus.
View: Opens sub-menu to Zoom or Pan along trace
V Position: Allows the operator to move the trace.
Mode: sub-menu to select Arc Reflection, TDR, Current Impulse and Voltage Decay (not available on PFL22M1500)
File: Access on-board file manager (save/upload/download)
Preferences: Access preferences sub-menu
Exit: only on CS1 emulator software.

43. Cable Fault Location and HV Test System
PFL22M1500
Cable Fault Location and HV Test System
MTDR100 Display

44. Cable Fault Location and HV Test System
PFL22M1500
Cable Fault Location and HV Test System
MTDR100 Display

45. Cable Fault Location and HV Test System
PFL22M1500
Cable Fault Location and HV Test System
MTDR100 Operation
The unit automatically powers-up when the PFL22M1500 is turned-on. Additionally the MTDR100 can be turned off independent of the PFL.
USB Socket, used to download or upload traces and for updating software, as updates become available.
All control is through the rotary jog-dial. Turn to manoeuvre to required menu or sub-menu, push to select/confirm

46. Cable Fault Location and HV Test System
PFL22M1500
Cable Fault Location and HV Test System
MTDR100 Review
Operation: Single Jog-Dial ; Menu Driven
Modes: Pulse Echo, Arc Reflection, Impulse Current
Ranges: 10 ranges, 100 m to 55 km
Pulse Width: 50 ns to 10 μs
Display: XGA 1024 x ”
Storage: On-board file manager and USB
Office Software CS1 upload/download and review

47. Cable Fault Location and HV Test System
PFL22M1500
Cable Fault Location and HV Test System
MTDR100 Review
Unique Specification
Arc Reflection Plus
Up to 1024 traces per range: 1024, 512, 256, 128, 64, 32, down to 16
Differential Arc Reflection:
In Differential Arc Reflection mode unwanted and confusing reflection are removed leaving a clean trace with only the fault position being displayed by a positive pulse . This method is especially suited in locating high-resistance faults in complex cable systems

48. Cable Fault Location and HV Test System
PFL22M1500
Cable Fault Location and HV Test System

49. Cable Fault Location and HV Test System
PFL22M1500
Cable Fault Location and HV Test System
Review
High Voltage
2-range; 0-8 kV & 0-16 kV 1500 Joule
0-10 kV & 0-20 kV 115 mA & 58 mA
Modes of CFL
Prelocation
Pulse Echo, Arc Reflection, Arc Reflection Plus, Differential Arc Reflection, Impulse Current
Conditioning
Proof/Burn 0-10 kV & 0-20 kV dc : 115 mA & 58 mA
Pinpointing
0-8kV & 0-16kV Surge 1500Joule

50. Cable Fault Location and HV Test System
PFL22M1500
Cable Fault Location and HV Test System
Review
Modes (Methods)
Pulse Echo (LV fault pre-location)
Arc Reflection (HV fault pre-location)
Arc Reflection Plus (ARP) (HV fault pre-location)
Differential Arc Reflection (DART) (HV fault pre-location)
Impulse Current / Impulse Voltage (HV fault pre-location)
HV Insulation Test (Fault diagnosis)
Proof / Burn (Fault conditioning)
Surge Generator / Thumper (Pinpointing)

51. Cable Fault Location and HV Test System
PFL22M1500
Cable Fault Location and HV Test System
Review
MTDR100 Unique Specification
Arc Reflection Plus
Up to 1024 traces per range: 1024, 512, 256, 128, 64, 32, down to 16
Differential Arc Reflection:
In Differential Arc Reflection mode unwanted and confusing reflection are removed leaving a clean trace with only the fault position being displayed by a positive pulse . This method is especially suited in locating high-resistance faults in complex cable systems”

52. Cable Fault Location and HV Test System
PFL Transit Cases
Additionally

53. Cable Fault Location and HV Test System
PFL Transit Cases
Why ?
Customer often need to move PFL’s to different sites or locations.
The “new” PFL transit cases protect our customer investment, by ensuring no damage is caused when moving units from location to location.
Megger Sales team protect their loaner and consignment stock PFLs when being sent out to Customers, Exhibitions or shows.
Can be used when returning units for calibration or other service issues.

54. Cable Fault Location and HV Test System
PFL Transit Cases
Ordering Information
Part Number Description
2001 – 289 PFL22M1500 Transit Case

55. Cable Fault Location and HV Test System
PFL22M1500
Cable Fault Location and HV Test System
And don’t forget MPP2000

56. Cable Fault Location and HV Test System The winning Combination