1. ❧ IndiaNepalSri LankaPakistan Bhutan Afghanistan Bangladesh Maldives South Asia

2. ❧ What do you know about South Asia? What do you want to know?

3. ❧ 1.Location

4. ❧ ❧ Formed when landmass collided with Asia (subcontinent) ❧ South Asia is about ½ the size of the USA. ❧ South Asia contains 20% of the world’s population. SIZE AND ORIGINS

5. ❧ ❧ South Asia has many climate zones, mainly affected by mountains and elevation -Dry in the northwest; no desert -Tropical in the north, between the mountain ranges 3 seasons, monsoons -Dry in the southern interior, wet along the coasts Climate of South Asia -

6. ❧ Deccan Plateau = high and flat

7. ❧ The Himalayas are the world’s highest mountains, with 20+ peaks above 24,000 ft. The Hindu Kush mountains have served as a barrier for years. Khyber Pass is one of the few ways past them. The Ghats (1,000 miles in length) block moisture from reaching the interior, causing the Deccan plateau to be dry. Mountains

8. ❧ ❧ Highest peak in the world, 29.029ft above sea level. ❧ First officially climbed all the way in 1953 by Sir Edmund Hillary and Tenzig Norgay. ❧ 4% of climbers who attempt Everest do not survive. ❧ Tibetans refer to it as: “Goddess Mother of the World” Mount Everest

9. ❧ ❧ 3 Major Rivers ❧ Indus ❧ Ganges ❧ Brahmaputra ❧ All 3 rivers start in the Himalayas ❧ Fed by Glaciers Rivers

10. ❧ Alluvial plains – soil carried down from mountains and deposited when river overflows banks. ❧ Estuary – partially closed area of seawater with several rivers flowing into it. Landforms created by Rivers

11. ❧ ❧ Sri Lanka ❧ Lush tropical island ❧ Maldives ❧ Archipelago – group of islands ❧ Atoll – Low lying top of submerged volcano Islands

12. ❧ Harappa-Indus River Crash CourseHarappa-Indus River Crash Course video 3000-1500 BC (modern Pakistan)

13. ❧ 2. Human-Environment Interaction

14. ❧ ❧ Fertile Soil for agriculture, accounts for 50% of jobs ❧ Transportation of people and goods ❧ Water Supply for 1.2 Billion in India ❧ Hydroelectric Power ❧ Religion - Ganges is sacred (Hinduism) Importance of Rivers

15. ❧ ❧ Forests ❧ Important resource ❧ Deforestation is a concern ❧ Minerals ❧ Generate much of South Asia’s Energy ❧ India 4 th in Coal, Has enough oil to support ½ its needs ❧ Uranium for Nuclear Power ❧ Iron Ore Deposits – world’s leaders in exporting iron ore ❧ Mica – key in electrical equipment (computers) ❧ Gemstones ❧ Diamonds (India) ❧ Sapphires & Rubies (Sri Lanka) Natural Resources

16. ❧ ❧ Monsoons – seasonal winds that bring heavy rainfall to South Asia during the summer. ❧ Highly unpredictable ❧ Causes floods in areas, droughts in others ❧ Cyclones – (Hurricanes) can be very destructive to areas heavily populated along the coast. ❧ Storm Surge – rising sea level causes flooding along coast Severe Weather

17. ❧ 3. Movement

18. ❧ ❧ 1.2 billion people, mostly in India. ❧ Birth, death, and infant mortality rates still very high compared to most of the world, but gradually improving due to better education, sanitation, and basic medical care. Demographics

19. ❧ A large number of South Asians immigrate into other regions – educated persons often move to Western countries (especially UK and USA) for technology positions, while uneducated persons usually go to the Middle East to work as laborers. Immigration

20. ❧ ❧ South Asia lacks of cross-border infrastructure: Due to economic and political reasons, cross-border trade in South Asia accounts for a mere 5% of total trade. ❧ South Asia lacks of adequate access to basic social and economic services in rural areas. Poor access to transport infrastructure and services leaves hundreds of millions of people in South Asian countries without access to basic social and economic services. ❧ The road safety problem in the region is increasingly alarming. While India has the highest number of road deaths in the world with over 114,000 road fatalities each year (WRS, 2009). Bangladesh, with relatively low motorization, has the worst fatality rate in the region with 85.6 fatalities per 10,000 vehicles. Transportation and Infrastructure

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22. ❧ 4. Place

23. ❧ Different mixes of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam – often causes tension in the region Thousands of languages! Poverty remains a huge problem. India is one of the world’s fastest growing economies, but other South Asian nations nations lag behind. Cultures of South Asia

24. ❧ Nations in South Asia: ❧ Afghanistan became independent in 1919. ❧ Four were created from British colonies 1.India in 1947 after WW2 2.Pakistan in 1947 3.Sri Lanka in 1947 4.Bangladesh in 1971 ❧ Two small countries are located deep in the Himalayas, isolated until recent times 1.Bhutan 2.Nepal ❧ One is a tiny island chain made from an atoll in the Indian Ocean – Maldives. Political Geography of South Asia

25. ❧ Maldives

26. ❧ Brief History of South Asia I.Ancient Times – ●Hinduism and Islam ●caste system ●several huge empires in region. II. British Rule – ●Britain ruled all of South Asia from 1776 to 1948. ●“British East India Company” controlled almost all commerce until 1858, when control passed to the “British Raj”. III. 1947 - Independence and Partition – British freed and divided the region into India (mostly Hindu) and Pakistan (mostly Muslim). Influenced heavily by Mahatma Gandhi. See later slides for more details. Modern Era – Wars between India and Pakistan. Growing economic power of India, and Pakistan’s crisis with Islamic radicals and Taliban.

27. What is the “Caste System”? ❧ Ancient origins, predating Hinduism. ❧ Divided South Asian people into different jobs and ranks in society. ❧ Very complex, thousands of smaller groups. ❧ Abolished in 1947, still exists. ❧ Mostly broken down in the cities, still common in rural India

28. ❧ Religions of South Asia

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30. ❧ CULTURE HEARTH OF SOUTH ASIA The Indus River ❧ Where an early culture emerged and developed ❧ Arts and trade routes emerged from isolated tribes and villages to towns and beyond. ❧ Hinduism emerged from the beliefs and practices brought to India by the Indo- Europeans (Aryans). (6th century BC) ❧ Buddhism emerged during the 6 th century BC; made the state religion of India in 3rd century BC ❧ Islam sweeps through central India from the 8th -10th centuries AD

31. Hinduism Who – Ancient priests of India When – 5000 –3000 BCE Where – India Holy Books – Vedas, Bhagavad-Gita Major Divisions – Numerous traditions Basic Beliefs Polytheistic – Thousands of deities, many interconnected. Reincarnation through infinite lives and forms Dharma – proper place or role in the universe and society (caste) Karma – cause and effect occurring across lives. Ultimate goal – oneness with “Brahman” (God, Reality) Simple, really… follow your DHARMA to improve your KARMA so that you reincarnate in a better position to reach BRAHMAN.

32. Buddhism Who – Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha) When – 500 BC Where – Northern India Holy Books - Tripitaka Major Divisions – Mahayana, Theravada Basic Beliefs No universal creator, only powerful beings. Reincarnation, dharma, and karma still apply. Four Noble Truths: Life is suffering, suffering caused by craving, craving caused by ignorance, ignorance relieved by knowing the Truth. The “Eightfold Path” allows one to attain Nirvana, freedom from existence and suffering

33. Islam Who – Muhammad When – circa 620AD Where – Arabian Peninsula Holy Books – Quran and the Hadith Major Divisions – Sunni, Shia Basic Beliefs ❧ There is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is the messenger of God ❧ Quran is word of God. ❧ Muslims must perform the “Five Pillars of Faith”.

34. ❧ Sikhism Who – Guru Nanak When – 1400’s Where – Northwestern India Holy Books – Adi Granth Basic Beliefs – Monotheistic, believe in reincarnation. All people are equal in God’s eyes. Humans must free themselves from negative thoughts and actions to attain salvation, become one with God. Teachings are passed down through teachers, or “Guru”. Sikh’s are bound by the “Five K’s”… kēs (uncut hair), kaṅghā (small wooden comb), kaṛā (circular steel or iron bracelet), kirpān (sword/dagger), and kacchā (special undergarment).

35. ❧ Jainism Who – Indus Valley priests When – 900’s BC Where – India Holy Books – None Major Divisions – “Whiteclad”, “Naked” Basic Beliefs – ● No divine being, universe is cyclical ● Reincarnation is eternal ● Goal is to perfect your soul and become an enlightened being ● Jains believe in AHIMSA, total non-violence against all living things ● Monks take many vows and give up nearly everything…. Even clothes, in some cases.

36. ❧ 5. Regions – Nations of South Asia IndiaNepalSri LankaPakistan Bhutan Afghanistan Bangladesh Maldives

37. ❧ ❧ ¾ of all South Asia land area; slightly more than 1/3 of the U.S. ❧ A federal republic consisting of 28 states, 6 Union Territories, and 1 National Capital Territory ❧ Population: 1.150 billion people ❧ 15 official languages. English and Hindi most common. ❧ About 80% Hindu, 20% Muslim ❧ Emerging economic and regional military power, with advanced industrial and scientific capacity. India

38. ❧ ❧ Father of modern India (1869-1948) ❧ Preached non-violence, civil disobedience. ❧ Salt March – 1930, walked to sea to protest British salt tax. ❧ After WWII, Gandhi pushes for independence for India ❧ Would nonviolent resistance have worked on other groups besides the British, like the Nazi’s for example? Why or why not? Who was Mahatma Gandhi?

39. ❧ ❧ Gandhi wanted one unified India. ❧ Partition - split in 1947 into Hindu (India) and Muslim (Pakistan) ❧ Riots, refugees, violence – 14 million people moved, ½ million died ❧ 1948 Gandhi assassinated by Hindu extremist (intolerant of other religions). Trauma of Partition

40. ❧ ❧ India divided – modern caste system. New wealth, huge poverty at same time. ❧ Bollywood – Indian film industry, largest in world! ❧ Booming population, bigger than China soon. 1.1 billion people. ❧ High tech industries power the economy. ❧ Huge, overcrowded cities India in Transition

41. ❧ ❧ Twice the size of California ❧ A federal republic with 4 provinces, one territory, and 1 capital territory ❧ Population: 173 million people ❧ Languages: Urdu and English, however 48% speak Punjabi ❧ Formerly known as West Pakistan. ❧ Independent since 1947. ❧ Primarily Sunni Muslim ❧ Continuing struggles with internal ethnic groups, India, Afghanistan Pakistan

42. ❧ ❧ Pakistan has internal divisions, an unstable government, an expanding young population, and troubles with Islamic Fundamentalists. ❧ Tied into the recent war in Afghanistan (USA/NATO vs. Al Qaeda/Taliban), which resulted from the 9/11 terrorist attacks. ❧ Pakistan is violently divided between those supporting the USA’s efforts, and those supporting the Taliban. ❧ Pakistan has 20 to 50 nuclear weapons. These could fall into the wrong hands if Pakistan collapses. Crisis in Pakistan

43. ❧ ❧ Jammu and Kashmir – In 1947 there was a Muslim majority, but Hindu ruler. After partition, military of both sides moved on the region and war broke out. ❧ After war, it stayed part of India. Sore spot for Pakistan and India, constant guerrilla war. ❧ Several wars, including 1971 war that created Bangladesh. ❧ Both countries now have nuclear weapons. Why do India and Pakistan both feel that they need nuclear weapons? Conflict Between India and Pakistan

44. ❧ ❧ About the size of Texas ❧ Population – 30,000,000 ❧ Mostly Pashtuns, who are Muslims. ❧ Extremely poor, mountainous country ❧ Leading exporter of opium, heroin. ❧ US invaded in 2001 after 9/11, to defeat Taliban. Taliban were/are funded partly by Pakistan. Afghanistan

45. ❧ ❧ Slightly smaller than Iowa ❧ Low elevation and location make almost half of land surface prone to flooding during monsoons. ❧ Parliamentary democracy ❧ Population: 154 million people ❧ Languages: Bangla (Bengali) and English ❧ Formerly known as East Pakistan. Independent since 1971. ❧ Primarily Muslim ❧ Cultivation of rice is the single most important agricultural activity. ❧ One of world’s poorest nations. Bangladesh

46. ❧ ❧ Size of Arkansas ❧ A parliamentary democracy, but was a monarchy until 2005 ❧ Population: 30 million people ❧ Languages: Primarily Nepali ❧ Primarily Hindu with approximately 10% Buddhist ❧ Tourism on Mt. Everest ❧ Home of the Gurkha, soldiers famed for bravery and the Kukri knife. Nepal

47. ❧ Bhutan ❧ ½ the size of Indiana ❧ Constitutional monarchy, King Wangchuck ❧ Population: 700,000 ❧ Official language: Dzongkha (pronounced “zonka”) ❧ Bhutan is still relatively isolated ❧ Almost entirely Buddhist

48. ❧ Sri Lanka Sri Lanka (click for deadly snakes video) ❧ Slightly larger than West Virginia ❧ Republic with 8 provinces ❧ Population: 21 million people ❧ Languages: Sinhala (80%) and Tamil (20%) ❧ Primarily Buddhist (70%) ❧ Civil War (1983-2009) between Buddhist Sinhalese majority government in south, and Hindu Tamil minority (“Tamil Tigers”/LTTE) in north.

49. ❧ Orchids! Monkey Orchids! Duck Orchids too!?

50. ❧ Maldives ❧ Small archipelago, 26 separate atolls. ❧ Population - 300,000 ❧ Most of nation is less than 5ft above sea level, highest point only 8ft. ❧ Islamic, run on sharia law. ❧ Economy based on fishing and tourism ❧ Maldives is heavily involved with UN global warming treaties and conferences. Under constant threat of rising sea levels