1. 2015

2. Adverbs and the Words They Modify An adverb modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. An adverb tells how, when, where, or to what extent (how much, how long, or how often). EXAMPLES We stayed inside. [The adverb inside modifies the verb stayed and tells where.] It was an unusually quiet morning. [The adverb unusually modifies the adjective quiet and tells how.] The dog barked quite loudly. [The adverb quite modifies the adverb loudly and tells to what extent.] EXERCISE Underline the adverbs in the following sentences. Then, draw a line from each adverb to the word or words it modifies. 11. My father gives overly detailed directions. 12. The bus will leave for St. Louis early tomorrow. 13. The demolition crew very carefully placed the explosive charges in the old building. 14. At the stroke of midnight, the crowd in Times Square noisily greeted the new year. 15. The juggler’s ridiculously red shirt distracted the audience from his juggling.

3. Adverbs and the Words They Modify An adverb modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. An adverb tells how, when, where, or to what extent (how much, how long, or how often). EXAMPLES We stayed inside. [The adverb inside modifies the verb stayed and tells where.] It was an unusually quiet morning. [The adverb unusually modifies the adjective quiet and tells how.] The dog barked quite loudly. [The adverb quite modifies the adverb loudly and tells to what extent.] EXERCISE Underline the adverbs in the following sentences. Then, draw a line from each adverb to the word or words it modifies. 16. The coach explained the play especially carefully to the rookies on the team. 17. This thoroughly hilarious film will be playing at a theater soon. 18. The extremely cranky child cried loudly when his rattle was taken away. 19. The cleverly modified car easily won the road rally. 20. Occasionally an immensely patient farmer can become frustrated by the pace of farming.

4. Noun or Adverb? Some words may be used as either nouns or adverbs. When identifying parts of speech, classify words that are used to modify verbs, adjectives, and adverbs as adverbs. NOUN I was at home all weekend. ADVERB Last weekend I stayed home. [The adverb home modifies the verb stayed.] EXERCISE A Identify the underlined word as an adverb or a noun. 1. Edwina takes a personal interest in the match on Friday. 2. She hopes Teresa will not be knocked down. 3. In addition to ups, everyone experiences a down now and then. 4. Teresa is strong but doesn’t move very fast. 5. She has been able to maintain her weight without having to go on a fast.

5. Noun or Adverb? Some words may be used as either nouns or adverbs. When identifying parts of speech, classify words that are used to modify verbs, adjectives, and adverbs as adverbs. EXERCISE A Identify the underlined word as an adverb or a noun. 6. Her opponent, Gabriella, will train tonight. 7. Tonight will be her first opportunity to use the new ring. 8. Although she is small, she boxes well. 9. Teresa will have to draw upon her deep well of pugilistic skill. 10. Teresa trains days and works nights.

6. A preposition is a word that shows the relationship of a noun or a pronoun, called the object of the preposition, to another word. A preposition, its object, and any modifiers of the object form a prepositional phrase. EXAMPLE The expedition traveled to a foreign land. [The preposition to shows the relationship of land, the object of the preposition, to traveled.] A preposition that consists of two or more words is called a compound preposition. EXERCISE A Identify the prepositions in the following sentences. 1. Joe found a mouse underneath the kitchen table. 2. If it rains, the picnic will be moved inside the house. 3. If we don’t get the supplies in time for the trip, we can do without them. 4. Jack and Jill tumbled down the hill. 5. The first mate took command of the ship when the captain went below deck.

7. EXERCISE B Underline the prepositional phrases in the following sentences and circle the prepositions. (A preposition, its object, and any modifiers of the object form a prepositional phrase.) 6. In 1519, Hernando Cortés led an expedition to Mexico. 7. Under his command were 508 soldiers and 110 sailors. 8. After a long voyage he reached Mexico, where a mighty empire had been established by the Aztecs. 9. According to historians, Cortés and his small army had trouble seizing control of the empire because of the Aztecs’ sophisticated military organization. 10. However, with the help of many enemies of the Aztecs, Cortés conquered the Aztec empire in 1521.

8. EXERCISE B Write the prepositional phrases from the following sentences. A preposition is a word that shows the relationship of a noun or a pronoun, called the object of the preposition, to another word. A preposition, its object, and any modifiers of the object form a prepositional phrase. 11. Cortés gathered his troops and dismantled every ship except one. 12. He then marched toward the Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan. 13. Several hundred Aztec chiefs escorted Cortés and his forces into the city. 14. An Aztec delegation carrying splendid gifts walked behind Emperor Montezuma II. 15. An Aztec chief set gifts of golden ornaments before Cortés.

9. 1.Determine the part of speech of the underlined word in each of the examples below. Your choices are: noun, verb, adverb, adjective, preposition, conjunction, or pronoun. 2.Do you think that we will still be up at midnight? 3.The casserole, which is left over from dinner, tastes better cold than hot. 4.Which sandwich do you prefer? 5.Do you want American or Swiss cheese on your sandwich? 6.Any kind of cheese is fine with me. 7.Tonight is my favorite night of the week. 8.I volunteer at the nursing home tonight. 9.He let the dog out an hour ago. 10.Call me tomorrow night. 11.Give him orchids, for they are his favorite.