1. Ancient Rome

2. After Alexander the Great (STUD MUFFIN!) died in 323 BC control of the Mediterranean slowly shifted from Greece to Rome. Rome began as a small village on the peninsula of Italy and grew to become a great empire.

3. The Peninsula of Italy Looks like a long high-heeled boot. –The “toe” is ready to kick the island of Sicily. –To the North is the Alps and to the E is the Apennines. The natural features of Italy encouraged continuity, leading early people of the peninsula to look inward. –Less mountains then Greece so travel, trade, and communication was easier. –Fertile soil allowed many different crops to grow. Although surrounded by water, Italy had few good harbors and so, few outside contacts.

4. Italy!!!

5. The Founding of Rome The population of the Italian Peninsula changed when Latins began to settle by the Tiber river around 1000 BC. –One village, became known as Rome. –Rolling hills offered good soil, also had wood and stone used for building. –Inland location protected from invaders.

6. One legend says that a cruel uncle left twin baby boys to die on the banks of the Tiber. A mother wolf saved the twins. Romulus and Remus, the twins, grew to be heroes. According to legend they founded a city near where they had grown up in 753 BC. Romulus became the first king of the new city. The city was named Rome in his honor. Romulus promised that the small city would rise to greatness. “My Rome shall be the capital of the world”, said Romulus. THE STORY OF ROMULUS AND REMUS

8. From Monarchy to Republic Romans were introduced to Greek ideas and customs by the Etruscans. –Writing became model for Latin alphabet. Roman government eventually changed from a monarchy to a republic. –After 100 years of Etruscan rule the Romans rebelled. –Republic – citizens elect leaders to make decisions.

9. Roman Republic The republic’s senate and consuls remained constant and were a force for continuity. –Two Consuls were elected each year. No one person could gain too much power. –Consuls led armies, were judges, and acted for the citizens of Rome. In an emergency the Roman citizens could appoint a dictator (ruler w/ complete authority) for six- month term. –A dictator gave orders that even the two consuls had to obey.

10. Roman Republic The elected consuls were advised by the senate. –Only the upper class citizens could become senators. Roman citizens were divided into 2 classes. –Patricians – descendants of Rome’s earliest settlers, formed the upper class. –Plebeians – the farmers, merchants, soldiers, and craft workers – made up the lower class. (plebs) Patricians controlled Rome’s gov’t and considered the plebeians less important.

11. Roman Senate

12. Plebeians Rebel In 494 BC the plebeians rebelled to set up there own assembly. Elected their own special officials called tribunes. –Patricians realized Rome’s economy would suffer w/o plebeians so they agreed give them their assembly and tribunes. –Tribunes attended meetings of Senate and could veto any laws they did not like. Plebeians also protested Rome’s unwritten laws. –Laws eventually listed on the “Twelve Tables” in Rome’s public square. –Plebeians now knew how their rights differed from Patricians and the right became nearly equal.

14. The Path of Roman Conquest By the third century B.C., Rome had changed into regional power. After taking control of the Italian Peninsula, the Romans fought and defeated Carthage for control of the sea trade in the western Mediterranean. –Carthage was a Phoenician city-state in N. Africa. –Fought 3 wars with Carthage between 264 and 146 BC. –These were known as the Punic Wars. First Punic War was won by Rome. Second Punic War threatened Rome (Hannibal and the elephants) but eventually won by Rome. Third Punic War left Carthage in ruins and many Carthaginians were sold into slavery (146 BC).

15.  Hannibal and his elephants.

17. The Path of Roman Conquest Rome also conquered Greece, Macedonia, and parts of southwestern Asia, dividing the land it won into Roman provinces. Rome divided their new lands into provinces, or self-governing regions. –Roman governor ruled each province. –People paid taxes to Rome. –Victory over Carthage provided grain for growing Roman city.

18. What lands did Rome conquer between 500 BC and 146 BC? Peninsulas of Italy and Greece, Macedonia, and parts of SW Asia and N Africa!!!

19. Lands Controlled by Rome, 44 B.C. Why do you think it was important that Rome controlled these lands?

20. From Republic to Dictatorship Expansion abroad led to changes in life in Rome and conflict between patricians and plebeians. –New tax money made patricians richer and the lower class poorer. The republican institutions that had provided continuity in Rome were threatened by leaders who wanted to rule on their own. –Republic did not last b/c rulers became dictators for longer then 6 months previously allowed. The republic was forever changed by Julius Caesar, who replaced it with a dictatorship.

21. Julius Caesar Elected consul in 59 BC and his first move was to form an army and capture Gaul (France). –He became governor of the new province. In 49 BC Caesar brought his soldiers into Rome and declared war on his enemies in Rome. In 46 BC he was declared dictator for 10 years. In 44 BC he became dictator for life! –The republic had officially become a dictatorship. –He was a strong leader and made laws helping the poor and gave Roman citizenship to more people. On March 15, 44 BC he was stabbed to death. (The Ides of March on the Roman Calendar) Did you Know???? The month of July is named after Julius Caesar!!!

24. Rome Becomes an Empire After Julius Caesar’s death Octavian, Caesar’s grandnephew, and Mark Antony had gained all of Rome’s lands. –Octavian declared war on Antony after he fell in love w/ Cleopatra and planned to set up an empire. Rome entered a new era when Octavian was voted the title Augustus and became Rome’s first emperor. –Augustus means “respected one” or “holy one”. –Known as Augustus Caesar or Augustus. –He ruled year after year after year… Augustus immediately set to work uniting the diverse peoples of the Roman Empire.

25. The Age of Augustus Under Augustus the diverse peoples of the empire enjoyed peace and unity. –Pax Romana, Roman Peace, spread across empire. –Lasted for more than 200 years!!! –Empire grew to about 2.5 million square miles!!! Roman law, applied throughout the empire, encouraged commonality. –People were treated more fairly and equally. –Innocent until proven guilty. –People are not forced to speak against themselves in a court of law.  These are still used today!

26. Roman Empire under the Pax Romana

27. The Age of Augustus Romans developed the census which counts people in the country (used for taxes usually). The Roman army helped keep peace between peoples by protecting borders from invaders. –Legions, up to 6,000 men, stationed all across border. Roman armies built roads to allow legions to move easily. –Traders and travelers also used the roads. –Helped unite them by allowing easier travel between provinces and the sharing of goods and ideas. –Roads connected entire empire!!

28. Pride in Rome To glorify Rome as the center of the empire, Augustus ordered a building program. –New gov’t offices, libraries, temples, and public baths. –Basilicas were huge marble gov’t buildings. While many of the structures had elements in common with Greek architecture, the new buildings also reflected the special interests of Rome’s citizens. (Domes and Arches) Some of the new buildings were theaters and sports arenas.

29. Pride in Rome All over the empire Romans built many aqueducts. –Used bridges and canals to carry water from place to place. –Carried water from far off rivers to cities. Roman buildings and city design soon became common in diverse places throughout the empire.

30.  The Colosseum was Rome’s largest arena. Completed in 80 AD. 50,000 people could watch battles between gladiators.gladiators

31. Roman Aqueducts

32. Arts, Literature, and Language Because the Romans admired the Greek culture, Roman and Greek literature and art had much in common. Augustus urged Roman artists and writers also to create works that would illustrate the uniquely Roman people. –A poet named Virgil wrote the Aeneid which was his view of early Roman history. Much like Homer’s the Iliad and Odyssey. Used in Rome and in the provinces, the Latin language also united diverse peoples within the empire.