1. Rise of Hitler Nick Evans

2. Hitler in IB History Paper 2: Rise and Rule of Single Party States Paper 2: Rise and Rule of Single Party States Paper 3:Option 3: Europe and the Middle East Paper 3:Option 3: Europe and the Middle East

3. Paper 2: Weimar and Hitler Origin and nature of authoritarian and single party states Origin and nature of authoritarian and single party states Conditions that produced Hitler Emergence of Hitler: aims, ideology, support Totalitarianism: the aim and the extent to which this was achieved

4. Establishment of authoritarian and single party states Establishment of authoritarian and single party states Methods: force, legal Forms of government, ideology Nature, extent and treatment of opposition

5. Domestic policies and impact Domestic policies and impact Structure and organisation of government and administration Political, economic, social and religious policies Role of education, the arts, media, propaganda Status of women, treatment of religious groups and minorities

6. Sample Essay Questions Compare and contrast the conditions which helped the rise to power of two right wing leaders of single party states Compare and contrast the conditions which helped the rise to power of two right wing leaders of single party states “Strong economic policies are the key reason for a single party state maintaining power.” With reference to either Hitler or Castro, to what extent do you agree with the statement? “Strong economic policies are the key reason for a single party state maintaining power.” With reference to either Hitler or Castro, to what extent do you agree with the statement?

7. Evaluate the contributions to the rise to power of Hitler of each of the following: National Socialist ideology; the use of force; economic crises Evaluate the contributions to the rise to power of Hitler of each of the following: National Socialist ideology; the use of force; economic crises In what ways, and to what extent, was propaganda important in the rise, and rule, of Hitler? In what ways, and to what extent, was propaganda important in the rise, and rule, of Hitler? Discuss a) the ideology of, and b) the support for, one right wing ruler of a single party state. Discuss a) the ideology of, and b) the support for, one right wing ruler of a single party state.

8. Paper 3: Weimar and Hitler Interwar Years: conflict and cooperation 1919 - 1939 Interwar Years: conflict and cooperation 1919 - 1939 Germany 1919 – 1933: political, constitutional, economic, financial and social problems The impact of the Great Depression (case study of one country in Europe) Hitler’s domestic and foreign policy (1933 – 1939)

9. Sample Essay Questions Evaluate the success of Hitler’s domestic policies between 1933 and 1939. Evaluate the success of Hitler’s domestic policies between 1933 and 1939. Assess the importance of indoctrination and propaganda in maintaining control in Germany under the Third Reich between 1933 and 1939. Assess the importance of indoctrination and propaganda in maintaining control in Germany under the Third Reich between 1933 and 1939.

10. Why was the Weimar Republic so short lived? Why was the Weimar Republic so short lived? Analyse the reasons for the collapse of the Weimar Republic and the establishment of a Nazi dictatorship in the period 1929 to 1934. Analyse the reasons for the collapse of the Weimar Republic and the establishment of a Nazi dictatorship in the period 1929 to 1934.

11. Why the Weimar Republic failed? Origins Origins Structure of the Republic Structure of the Republic Treaty of Versailles Treaty of Versailles

12. Opposition from the start Opposition from the start Economic problems Economic problems

13. Origins

14. Political structure of the Second Reich Political structure of the Second Reich Economic and social problems Economic and social problems Nationalism and foreign policy Nationalism and foreign policy The Great War

15. Defeat on the battlefield BUT no widespread retreat and no fighting on German soil Defeat on the battlefield BUT no widespread retreat and no fighting on German soil Deprivation at home due to naval blockade Deprivation at home due to naval blockade General Ludendorff: “I have advised His Majesty to bring those groups into government whom we have in the main to thank for the fact that we are in this mess…Let them conclude the peace that has to be negotiated. Let them eat the broth they have prepared for us.” General Ludendorff: “I have advised His Majesty to bring those groups into government whom we have in the main to thank for the fact that we are in this mess…Let them conclude the peace that has to be negotiated. Let them eat the broth they have prepared for us.”

16. Economic deprivation and war weariness caused growing unrest Economic deprivation and war weariness caused growing unrestREVOLUTION! Kaiser overthrown and Republic declared – two different republics from two different balconies! Kaiser overthrown and Republic declared – two different republics from two different balconies! Two days later – Armistice signed Two days later – Armistice signed

17. Republic born in defeat – stab in the back! Republic born in defeat – stab in the back! “Our repeated requests for strict discipline and strict laws were never met. Thus our operations were bound to fail and the collapse had come: the revolution was only the last straw. An English General quite rightly said ‘The German army was stabbed in the back’. No blame was to be attached to the sound core of the army…It is perfectly clear on whom the blame rests.” General Hindenburg

18. “The guilty consciences of those laden with guilt later invented the ‘stab in the back’. The collapse was not the result of revolution; it was the other way about; without revolution, without the collapse, the revolution that broke out six weeks later would probably have not occurred.” Phillip Scheidemann Socialist Leader and future chancellor

19. No tradition of democracy in Germany No tradition of democracy in Germany Sources of power in Germany unchanged from before the war Sources of power in Germany unchanged from before the war Republic born in defeat and revolution - given responsibility for defeat and no legitimacy as a result of coming to power in revolution Republic born in defeat and revolution - given responsibility for defeat and no legitimacy as a result of coming to power in revolution

20. “There is still dispute amongst historians as to whether there was a genuine revolution in November, 1918. In view of the fact that there was so little real change…it is more accurate to talk of a revolution that ran away with the sand, rather than the genuine article. The republic that emerged contained at once too much and too little of the old Germany: powerful institutional centres of the old ruling class remained intact and were not subject to democratic control while many Germans saw the Republic as originating in a revolution and therefore illegitimate.” M. Hughes

21. Structure of Weimar Republic Weimar Constitution - basis for German democracy Weimar Constitution - basis for German democracy The President: elected every 7 years, appoints/dismisses Chancellor, could dissolve the Reichstag, commanded the army The President: elected every 7 years, appoints/dismisses Chancellor, could dissolve the Reichstag, commanded the army Article 48 – allowed for rule by emergency decree Article 48 – allowed for rule by emergency decree

22. The Chancellor: had to have the confidence of the Reichstag; was responsible for policy; appointed by the President The Chancellor: had to have the confidence of the Reichstag; was responsible for policy; appointed by the President The Reichstag: voted for every 4 years; universal suffrage over 20; deputies elected using proportional representation The Reichstag: voted for every 4 years; universal suffrage over 20; deputies elected using proportional representation

23. Fundamental Rights and duties of Germans: liberal rights such as freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, freedom of religion, welfare state and right to nationalize industries, equality before the law all enshrined in the Constitution. Fundamental Rights and duties of Germans: liberal rights such as freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, freedom of religion, welfare state and right to nationalize industries, equality before the law all enshrined in the Constitution. So what was the problem?

24. Article 48: undermined power of Reichstag and Fundamental Rights Article 48: undermined power of Reichstag and Fundamental Rights Proportional Representation: very democratic but it enabled small parties representation AND resulted in coalition government Proportional Representation: very democratic but it enabled small parties representation AND resulted in coalition government Key structures unchanged: military hostile, power of landed elites unchallenged, bureaucracy and judiciary unreconciled to new government Key structures unchanged: military hostile, power of landed elites unchallenged, bureaucracy and judiciary unreconciled to new government

25. Treaty of Versailles Hated by Germans because: Hated by Germans because: a) It was a Diktat - a dictated peace b) Germany lost land – 13% of its pre war borders, and 10% of its population c) Germany was disarmed – no air force, no tanks, only 100,000 strong army and small navy d) Germany forced to take guilt for war e) Germany forced to pay reparations

26. It was the Weimar Republic politicians who signed it

27. Opposition From the Left: Sparticist Uprising, 1919 – government made deal with Army to put uprising down – also used the Freikorps – militia of right wing ex soldiers From the Left: Sparticist Uprising, 1919 – government made deal with Army to put uprising down – also used the Freikorps – militia of right wing ex soldiers From the Right: the Kapp Putsch and series of assassinations From the Right: the Kapp Putsch and series of assassinations

28. Main Pro Weimar Parties Jan 1919 % June 1920 % SPD (Social Democrat Party) 3821 DDP (German Democratic Party 198 Z (Centre Party) 2018

29. Main Anti Weimar Parties Jan 1919 % June 1920 % USPD/KPD (Independent Social Democratic Party/ Communist Party) 819 DVP (German People’s Party) 414 DNVP (German National People’s Party) 1015

30. Economic Problems Inflation – caused by reparations and Ruhr – 1923 Inflation – caused by reparations and Ruhr – 1923

31. Marks to the $ 19144.2 19188.9 192039.5 192176.7 1922 January 191.8 1922 July 493.2 1923 January 17,792 1923 July 353, 412 1923 4 August 620,455 1923 Sept 98,860,000 1923 October 260,208,000 1923 November 200,000,000,000

33. Winners: those who had debt, those who had access to cheap credit, owners of foreign exchange Winners: those who had debt, those who had access to cheap credit, owners of foreign exchange Losers: people with savings, especially pensioners and the lower middle class – workers, whose wage increases did not keep pace with price hikes Losers: people with savings, especially pensioners and the lower middle class – workers, whose wage increases did not keep pace with price hikes Resulted in an attempt to take power in Munich by the NSDAP Resulted in an attempt to take power in Munich by the NSDAP

34. The NSDAP National Socialist German Workers Party also known as the National Socialist German Workers Party also known as the Nazi Party

35. Started as German Workers Party Started as German Workers Party Hitler joins in 1919 – through oratory, becomes central to party, renamed NSDAP Hitler joins in 1919 – through oratory, becomes central to party, renamed NSDAP Writes 25 Point program in 1920 Writes 25 Point program in 1920

37. By 1923, Nazi Party had 70,000 members and the Sturm Abteilung (SA) 15,000 members By 1923, Nazi Party had 70,000 members and the Sturm Abteilung (SA) 15,000 membersBUT Putsch was a failure – Hitler sent to jail Putsch was a failure – Hitler sent to jail

38. Several important results: Several important results: a) Turned Hitler from obscure provincial radical into national figure b) Taught Hitler that power would not be gained by force BUT by use of the Constitution c) Made it clear to Hitler that he needed the Army d) Hitler used his time in jail to write Mein Kampf – to hone his weltanschauung – his world view

39. Hitler’s Weltanschauung Nationalism: Hitler believed that Germany and the German people had lost their position of greatness – was determined to regain it – thought that Germany were destined to create a greater Germany Nationalism: Hitler believed that Germany and the German people had lost their position of greatness – was determined to regain it – thought that Germany were destined to create a greater Germany Race: he believed that the Aryan race was dominant race, the creative force in human history – the Jews were the absolute contrast, an represented a threat to the Aryan race’s purity Race: he believed that the Aryan race was dominant race, the creative force in human history – the Jews were the absolute contrast, an represented a threat to the Aryan race’s purity

40. Social Darwinism: he believed in eternal struggle – that the weak would be dominated by the strong, that superior races would dominate weaker ones Social Darwinism: he believed in eternal struggle – that the weak would be dominated by the strong, that superior races would dominate weaker ones Democracy and the State: he had contempt for parliamentary democracy – personal freedom, equality, rights of the individual played no part in Hitler’s world view – instead, the individual could only find fulfilment in submitting to the will of the nation. Democracy and the State: he had contempt for parliamentary democracy – personal freedom, equality, rights of the individual played no part in Hitler’s world view – instead, the individual could only find fulfilment in submitting to the will of the nation.

41. Fuhrerprinzip: Germany had to find the will to renew, and this would take a strong leader who would emerge unrestrained by democracy and parliament and who would lead the nation to glory – Germany needed a leader who ruled absolutely and without restraint Fuhrerprinzip: Germany had to find the will to renew, and this would take a strong leader who would emerge unrestrained by democracy and parliament and who would lead the nation to glory – Germany needed a leader who ruled absolutely and without restraint Propaganda and control: he believed propaganda essential to effective leadership – if you repeat your message enough with conviction, it will be believed Propaganda and control: he believed propaganda essential to effective leadership – if you repeat your message enough with conviction, it will be believed

42. Lebensraum: was the destiny of Germany to carve out a European empire that would dominate Europe – as the dominant race, they would need “living space” and would get in in the East – untermenschen who lived there would become German slaves – this living space would come from the Soviet Union Lebensraum: was the destiny of Germany to carve out a European empire that would dominate Europe – as the dominant race, they would need “living space” and would get in in the East – untermenschen who lived there would become German slaves – this living space would come from the Soviet Union

43. Economic Recovery 1924 - 1928 The Rentenmark The Rentenmark The Dawes Plan The Dawes Plan

45. Some indications of prosperity – economic growth up, loans coming in from US gave prosperity to some, brief drop in unemployment, standard of living improved Some indications of prosperity – economic growth up, loans coming in from US gave prosperity to some, brief drop in unemployment, standard of living improvedBUT

46. Unemployment persistently high, welfare state cost large sums of money, balance of payments problem, loans that were short term invested long term or to pay reparations, agriculture prices remained low Unemployment persistently high, welfare state cost large sums of money, balance of payments problem, loans that were short term invested long term or to pay reparations, agriculture prices remained low “Germany is dancing on a volcano. If the short term credits are called in, a large section of our economy would collapse.” Gustav Stresemann 1928

47. The Great Depression Depression began in 1928 – loans dried up Depression began in 1928 – loans dried up Interest rates rose to counteract this – worsened problem as business began to close Interest rates rose to counteract this – worsened problem as business began to close Unemployment up! Unemployment up!

49. Government response Deflationary – sought to cut expenditure and balance budget Deflationary – sought to cut expenditure and balance budget INCREASED IMPACT OF THE DEPRESSION INCREASED IMPACT OF THE DEPRESSION

50. Caused political problems – government was coalition – disagreement over welfare payments – Socialists wanted them and wanted a tax increase – other parties opposed this – Muller government falls and is replaced by Bruning Caused political problems – government was coalition – disagreement over welfare payments – Socialists wanted them and wanted a tax increase – other parties opposed this – Muller government falls and is replaced by Bruning Bruning continued deflationary policies Bruning continued deflationary policiesBUT Reichstag refused to pass them Reichstag refused to pass them

51. Article 48 used – President Hindenburg passed the budget by decree Article 48 used – President Hindenburg passed the budget by decree

52. Authority taken away from elected parliament and placed in hands of President Authority taken away from elected parliament and placed in hands of President Reichstag passed vote of no confidence – Bruning called an election Reichstag passed vote of no confidence – Bruning called an electionDISASTER

53. Extremist parties big winners! Extremist parties big winners!

54. Collapse of Weimar

55. Presidential Elections, 1932 Presidential Elections, 1932

56. May 1932: Bruning betrayed – von Papen installed May 1932: Bruning betrayed – von Papen installed July, 1932:elections July, 1932:elections

57. August, 1932: Hitler refused power August, 1932: Hitler refused power November, 1932:Elections November, 1932:Elections Nazi Party seats down! – 230 to 196 Nazi Party seats down! – 230 to 196 Communist Party seats up! – 89 to 100 Communist Party seats up! – 89 to 100

58. December, 1932:von Papen removed and von Schliecher appointed December, 1932:von Papen removed and von Schliecher appointed January, 1933:von Papen makes deal with Hitler and persuades Hindenburg to appoint coalition with Hitler as Chancellor January, 1933:von Papen makes deal with Hitler and persuades Hindenburg to appoint coalition with Hitler as Chancellor

59. Hitler has made it!

60. Who supported the Nazis Contentious question Contentious question Traditional view: petty bourgeoisie (shop keepers, white collar workers) Traditional view: petty bourgeoisie (shop keepers, white collar workers) More recent view: support broader than thought before – German workers more attracted and support came from a broader cross section of German society More recent view: support broader than thought before – German workers more attracted and support came from a broader cross section of German society

61. Jurgen Falter called the Nazi Party a “people’s party of protest with a middle class bulge” Jurgen Falter called the Nazi Party a “people’s party of protest with a middle class bulge”

62. Why did Hitler take power? Treaty of Versailles Treaty of Versailles Great Depression Great Depression Weaknesses of Weimar Weaknesses of Weimar

63. “No single problem ‘caused’ the downfall of the Weimar Republic… the integration of … problems, many of which predated the Republic, progressively weakened the German state.” J. Hiden

65. Historiography Product of German history: AJP Taylor Product of German history: AJP Taylor Crisis of capitalism: Marxist historians Crisis of capitalism: Marxist historians Product of European History: Ritter, Blackbourn Product of European History: Ritter, Blackbourn Chance events and bad luck: Kershaw Chance events and bad luck: Kershaw

66. From Government to Dictatorship

67. Bibliography J.Hite and C. Hinton: Weimar and Nazi Germany, Hodder Education, London, 2000 J.Hite and C. Hinton: Weimar and Nazi Germany, Hodder Education, London, 2000 K. J. Mason: Republic to Reich: A History of Germany, 1918 – 1945, Mc Graw Hill, 2003 (2 nd ed) K. J. Mason: Republic to Reich: A History of Germany, 1918 – 1945, Mc Graw Hill, 2003 (2 nd ed) R. Evans, The Coming of the Third Reich, Penguin, London, 2004 R. Evans, The Coming of the Third Reich, Penguin, London, 2004 S. Waugh, Essential Modern World History, Nelson Thornes, 2001 S. Waugh, Essential Modern World History, Nelson Thornes, 2001