1. Cardiopulmonary Disorders

2. Common Cardiac Disorders Coronary Artery Disease Myocardial Infarction (MI) Heart Murmurs/Valvular Heart Disease Congestive Heart Failure Cardiac Arrhythmias Cardiomyopathies Orthostatic Hypotension Angina

3. Normal Cardiac Anatomy

4. Normal Coronary Arteries

5. Coronary Artery Disease CAD primarily occurs secondary to atherosclerosis or narrowing of the coronary arteries. Narrowed blood vessels restrict flow which reduces the flow of necessary nutrients and oxygen to the heart muscle. The formation of plaque is a complex and progressive process that may be triggered by injury rupture an inflammatory response or structural or genetic predisposition. Source: Smith-Gabai (2011)

6. Angina Narrowed coronary arteries result in reduced blood flow which causes chest pains knows as angina Pain are described as pressure, tightness and squeezing in the chest pain may also radiate to the jaw, neck, and left arm. Types of Angina – Stable Angina is the most common and resolves after rest or medication (nitroglycerin) – Unstable Angina does not resolve with rest or medication and requires emergency treatment because a heart attack may be occurring. Source: Smith-Gabai (2011)

7. Myocardial Infarction (MI) MI affects more than 1 million people and is the leading cause of death in the United States. MI is also known as a heart attack. In MI blood and oxygen supply are reduced to the heart muscle and can result in irreversible tissue damage and necrosis. The location of the occlusion, the length of time of the occlusion and collateral circulation determines the extent of damage from MI. Source: Smith-Gabai (2011)

8. Symptoms of MI Uncomfortable pressure, squeezing, fullness or pain in the center of your chest that lasts more than a few minutes, or goes away and comes back. Pain or discomfort in one or both arms, the back, neck, jaw or stomach. Shortness of breath, with or without chest discomfort. Other signs such as breaking out in a cold sweat, nausea or lightheadedness. As with men, the most common heart attack symptom in women is chest pain or discomfort. But it’s important to note that women are more likely to experience the other common symptoms, particularly shortness of breath, nausea/vomiting and back or jaw pain. Source: Go Red for Women

9. Treatment of MI Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG)Cardiac Catheterization with stenting or balloon angioplasty

10. Cardiomyopathies Dilated Cardiomyopathies – Involve the loss of heart muscle tone and heart chambers become enlarged. – The left ventricle becomes weakened and cannot effectively pump blood out to systemic circulation. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy – The muscle of the left ventricle becomes thickened. – Can be due to longstanding hypertension. – Most common cause of sudden cardiac death in young people. Source: Smith-Gabai (2011)

11. Valvular Heart Disease/Murmurs Valvular heart disease is often heard by the physician when listening to the heart and the noise they hear is called a heart murmur. A heart murmur is caused by a malfunctioning valve in the heart. Either the valve is leaking, prolapsing or is stenotic. If the valves do not work properly then the heart muscle has to work harder to circulate the blood. When the malfunction is mild the heart can compensate however if the problem is severe it can lead to serious complications such as reduced cardiac output, arrhythmias and heart failure. The aortic and mitral valves are most commonly affected. Source: Smith-Gabai (2011)

12. Effects of Valvular Heart Disease Stenotic valves do not open properly and restrict blood flow. Stenotic valves such as in aortic stenosis cause hypertrophy of the left ventricle because it has to work harder to pump blood. With valvular regurgitation blood from the right side of the heart may back up into the veins causing peripheral edema and blood from the left side of the heart may back up into the lungs causing pulmonary edema and shortness of breath.

13. References https://www.goredforwomen.org/about- heart- disease/symptoms_of_heart_disease_in_wom en/symptoms-of-a-heart-attack/