1. Division of Plant Kingdom
Kingdoms
Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Anamilia
* Divisions (phyta) of Plant
Bacteriophyta
Cyanophyta
Phycophyta
Mycophyta
Bryophyta
Pteridophyta
Spermatophyta
Subdivision:Gymnospermae
Subdivision:Angiospermae
Class: Monocotyledones
Class:Dicotyledones
Subclass:Apetale
Dialypetalae
Sympetalae

2. Division:Spermatophyta (Seed-bearing)
Subdivision:Gymnospermae
Subdivision:Angiospermae
Class: Monocotyledones Class:Dicotyledones
Subclass:Apetale
Dialypetalae
Sympetalae

3. Division:Spermatophyta
are the conifers (gymnosperms)(have strobili as reproduvtive organ) and flowering plants (have flowers as reproduvtive organ).
Plants with true roots, stem and leaves
Reproduction is by seeds, sometimes supplemented by vegetative propagation
have well-developed vascular bundles

4. Subdivision: Gymnospermae (Cone-bearing)
Evergreen shrubs or trees
Resin ducts are found in most of the species
Strobili unisexual or bisexual, ovules and resulting seeds not enclosed in carpels
Vascular bundles collateral and arranged in cylindrical about a pith (the xylem region conatins tracheids but no tracheae)
Phloem have only sieve-tube members but no companion cells
Monoecious or dioecious
They have no perianth
Pollens have wings, and pollination is by wind (Anemophily)
Seeds are polycotyledones
Leaves are scale or needle like

5. Subdivision: Gymnospermae 1-Class: Cycadinae Order: Cycadales
(Conifer)
1-Class: Cycadinae
Order: Cycadales
Fam:Cycadaceae
Genus: Cycas
Species: Cycas revoluta
Use: as food
It has starch at cortex and pith of stem.

8. Male cone
Female cone

9. Zamia female cone

10. 2-Class: Ginkgoiae
Order: Ginkgoales
Fam: Ginkgoaceae
Genus: Ginkgo
Species: Ginkgo biloba

11. Fam:Ginkgoaceae
These are large trees, with simple leaves, recognized by their leaves with dichotomic venation, today their remains only one relict relict species, Ginkgo biloba. dioecious plants; the male and female strobili, on separate trees, are borne on short stalks.seed outer portion becomes soft and fleshy like a fruit, it has a disagreeable odor, and for this reason staminate trees are sometimes prefered to pistillate for ornamental planting.Seeds contains neurotoxins.

12. Use:Medicinal Ginkgo Folium
Flavoniod (ginkgo flavonoids, ginkgolid, bilobalid)
Because of expansionary effect on blood vessels, it has used in
disease seen in advanced ages, the forgetfulness of dementia
with memory loss, hearing tinnitus and vertigo

18. 3-Classis: *Coniferae

19. 3-Classis: *Coniferae
1-No female strobili, not forming cones,red,fleshy drupe fruit aril around seed......Taxaceae
1- Have female strobili,fruit is not drupe
2-Leaves oppositte or vertisillate, scaly Cupressaceae
2-Leaves alternate, scaly or needle like (acicular)
3- Leaves are needle like Pinaceae
3-Leaves are scaly
4-1 ovule in carpels of female strobili Araucariaceae
4- More than 2 ovule in carpels of female strobili Taxodiaceae

20. 3-Classis: *Coniferae
Order1: Taxales
Fam: Taxaceae
Genus: Taxus
Species: Taxus baccata
T. brevifolia

21. Fam: Taxaceae
Resin bearing, evergreen, dioecious, leaves are
alternate, linear 1-3 cm, acute, similar Abies leaf; but have no 2 wax line parallel to midrib at ventral surface of lamina. not forming cones.red,fleshy aril around seed
Poisoning from taxanes, the taxines and taxol, both of which are nitrogenous ester alkaloids
Generally contains toxic leves in all parts of the plants (except the fleshy aril around seed)

22. Use: Medicinal
Taxol, found at the bark of this species in structure of diterpene, has antitumoral activity

23. Taxus - yew

24. Order 2: Pinales
i) Fam: Araucariaceae
Genus: Araucaria
Species: Araucaria araucana
A. excelsa
Genus: Agathis

25. Use: Medicinal
It has abuntant resin in stem and this resin is used in the preparation of pharmaceutical plaster

26. Araucaria - Norfolk Island Pine

27. Agathis

28. ii) Fam: Pinaceae
Genus: Pinus
Species: P. pinea
P. halapensis
P. brutia
P. silvestris
P. nigra

29. Fam: Pinaceae
A very important family of cone-bearing plants, mostly evergreen trees, woody, All parts of the tree contain intercellular resin duct. linear, alternate leaves, or have scales.
In the pines the leaf base are enclosed in sheaths—1,2,3,4 or 5 leaves depending on species, growing from each sheath. In the other genera the leaves are single.male and female strobili borne on the same tree, seeds bears a broad wing
Use as lumber

30. Use: Medicinal
Oleoresin obtained from wounding of stem of P. brutia
As a result of distillation with water vapour from oleoresin, volatile oil is obtained called Terebinthina Oleum. The residue is also drug, Colophonium
Terebinthina Oleum, used in the production of creams, applied externally for rheumatism, relieve pain.
Analgesics in veterinary medicine, has antiseptic effect in respiratory and urinary tract diseases
Colophonium used in in the preparation of pharmaceutical plaster
From wood of branches and trunk of P. brutia and P. nigra with dry distillation tar is obtained called Pini Pix. Used in respiratory and urinary tract diseases in pharmaceuticals and in particular used in the skin diseases of animals

36. Pinus - pine

37. Pinus - pine

39. Genus: Abies
Species: A. cilicica
A. alba
A. balsamea
A. bornmülleriana
A. nordmanniana

40. From wounding of the stem of A
From wounding of the stem of A. balsamea, Balsamum Canadense, a oleoresin is obtained. It is used to prepare permanent preparat (slide) for microscope investigations

41. Abies - fir

46. Abies - fir

47. Cins: Picea
Species: P. orientalis
P. pungens
P. excelsa
Use as lumber

48. Picea - spruce

49. C. brevifolia (Cyprus species) Genus: Larix Larix decidua
Genus:Cedrus
Species: C. libani
C. brevifolia (Cyprus species)
Genus: Larix
Larix decidua
From the C. libani,
Cedri Folia, it contains volatile oil that is used in perfumery industry
Medicinal use
From branches and trunk of C. libani tar is obtained called Cedri Oleum, it is a folk medicine, used in respiratory and urinary tract diseases in pharmaceuticals and in particular used in the skin diseasaes of animals

54. Larix - larch

55. iii) Fam: Taxodiaceae Genus:Sequoia Species: S. sempervirens
Genus:Sequiadendron
Species: S. giganteum
(redwood)

56. Sequoiadendron - the giant sequoia

57. iv) Fam: Cupressaceae Genus: Juniperus Species:Juniperus oxycedrus
J. communis
J. drupacea (Arceuthos drupacea)
J. sabina
J. phoenicea
J. virginiana

58. With dry distillation from branches of J. oxycedrus
tar is obtained called Juniperi Pix.
Strong antiseptic from the outside skin diseases, found in soap, creams for scabies, eczema, ringworm, is used in the treatment of oily hair.
As a result of distillation with water vapour from wood of
J. viriginiana Cedri Oleum is obtained used as microscopic immersion.
From the J. communis, Juniperi Fructus
used as tonic, and used for hypertension

59. Juniperus - juniper or cedar

61. Species: Cupressus sempervirens
Genus:Cupressus
Species: Cupressus sempervirens
Immature cones are rich in tannin.
Formerly used as astringent (tissue and vessels constrict drug), now and in the disorder of vein circulation, especially in medicins of hemaroid and heir, acvtivity is due to falavonoids.
Essential oils obtained from the young branches of
C. sempervirens, Cupressi Oleum, is effective as antiseptic and antispazmodic and is sprayed to the room and on the clothes of croupy patients

62. Genus: Thuja Thuja occidentalis
Young branch tips of this species, Thujae Summitates is used as
astringent, diuretic and emenagog but at the same time
it can be toxic.

65. Species: E. campylopoda E. major
4-Class: Gnetinae
Order:Gentales
Fam: Ephedraceae
Genus:Ephedra
Species: E. campylopoda
E. major
The aerial parts of this genus, Ephedrae Herba, stimulants of pulmonary and contractionary of veins, effects of drug is from its alkaloids especially, ephedrin.

68. male

69. Female

70. Fam:Welwitschiaceae

72. Male pollen cones

73. Welwitschia microsporangiate cones

74. Female plant

75. Welwitschia cones with seeds