2. Introduction: Since the dawn of human evolution, humans have migrated across continents in search of food, shelter, safety, and hospitable weather. People still move for these reasons, but new reasons for human migration are arising, such as job relocation and overpopulation. Today, with modern transportation and communications, more people are motivated and able to move. More people are migrating today than at any other point in human history. Migrants travel in many different ways and for many different reasons. People move in order to improve their standard of living, to give their children better opportunities, or to escape from poverty, conflict and famine.

3. Migration is a constant and dynamic phenomenon increasingly requiring diversified policy intervention in order to maximize its potential benefits and minimize related costs for both countries of origin and destination as well as migrants themselves. State capacities around the world for managing migration are limited. Now, there are far more international migrants in the world today than ever previously recorded, and their number has increased rapidly in the last few decades, If the migrant population continues to increase at the same pace as the last 20 years, the international migrants worldwide by 2050 could be as high as 405 million.

4. Now. Look, the world population has grown tremendously over the past thousand years. In 1999, the world population passed the six billion mark. According to official world population estimate, for mid-year 2009, is estimated at 6,790,062,216. The 2010 World Population Data Sheet shows that Global population rose to 6.9 billion in 2010, with nearly all of that growth in the world's developing countries.

8. What is Migration/ Immigration ? Migration is the movement of people from one place to another. Migration refers to directed, regular, or systematic movement of a group of objects, organisms, people. The movement of persons from one country or locality to another. Migration is the movement of people from one place in the world to another for the purpose of taking up permanent or semi permanent residence, usually across a political boundary. An example of "semi permanent residence" would be the seasonal movements of migrant farm laborers.

9. Immigration is the introduction of new people into a habitat or population. The act of immigrating; the passing or coming into a country for the purpose of permanent residence. To enter and settle in a country or region to which one is not native. The movement of non-native people into a country in order to settle there. Gene flow from one population into another by interbreeding between members of the populations.

10. People can either choose to move ("voluntary migration") or be forced to move ("involuntary migration"). Migrations have occurred throughout human history, beginning with the movements of the first human groups from their origins in East Africa to their current location in the world. Migration can be international (movement between different countries) or internal (movement within a country, often from rural to urban areas).

11. The study of migration is and always has been an interdisciplinary field of study, vast and vibrant in nature. Different terms Emigration: Leaving one country to move to another (e.g., the Pilgrims emigrated from England). Immigration: Moving into a new country. Emigrant: A person who is leaving a country to reside in another country. Immigrant: A person who is entering a country from another to take up new residence.

12. Refugee: A person who is residing outside the country of his or her origin due to fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion. Internally Displaced Person (IDP): A person who is forced to leave his or her home region because of unfavorable conditions (political, social, environmental, etc.) but does not cross any boundaries.

13. Facts & Figures 214 million estimated number of international migrants worldwide. 3.1 % Percentage of the world's population are migrants. 49 % Percentage of migrants worldwide are women. $414 billion estimated remittances sent by migrants in 2009. $316 billion estimated remittances sent by migrants to developing countries in 2009. 27.1 million Internally displaced persons in the world in 2009. 15.2 million estimated number of refugees in the world today.

15. The total number of international migrants has increased over the last 10 years from an estimated 150 million in 20008/09 to 214 million persons today. But, In other words, one of out of every 33 persons in the world today is a migrant (whereas in 2000 one out of every 35 persons was a migrant). However, the percentage of migrants has remained relatively stable as a share of the total population, increasing by only 0.2 per cent (from 2.9 to 3.1 per cent), over the last decade. Migration is more widely distributed across more countries. Today the top 10 countries of destination receive a smaller share of all migrants than in 2000.

16. Although the number of migrants as a percentage of the world’s population has remained stable over the last 10 years, the amount of money migrants send back home has increased dramatically. Remittances have increased exponentially: up from $132 billion in 2000 to an estimated $ 414 billion in 2009, even with a slight decline due to the economic crisis. In 2009, more than $316 billion in remittances went to developing countries – representing some 76 per cent of total remittances. This is up from $ 83 billion and 63 per cent in 2000.

17. Pakistan gets $8.91bn remittances in 2009-10 (Saturday, July 10, 2010 ) KARACHI: Overseas Pakistani workers wrote history as they remitted the highest-ever amount of nearly $8.906 billion in the last fiscal year (2009-10). They also sent home a record amount of $841.44 million in June 2010. Overall remittances received in 2009-10 showed an impressive increase of 14 percent when compared with the previous highest amount of $7.811 billion received in 2008-09. Similarly, an amount of $841.44 million received in June 2010 broke the previous record of $806.12 million received in September 2009. The monthly average remittances in the period from July 2009 to June 2010 stand at $742.16 million as compared to $650.95 million during the same corresponding period of the 2008-09 fiscal year, registering an increase of 14 percent. The State Bank of Pakistan, Ministry of Finance and Ministry of Overseas Pakistanis had undertaken a joint initiative called ‘Pakistan Remittance Initiative (PRI)’ with a view to facilitate the flow of remittances through formal channels. In this regard a number of steps have been taken by PRI, which have started to materialize and remittances through formal channels are showing a considerable growth. Pakistan has been reported as a top nation, which has shown the highest growth in the world in remittances despite recent global financial crisis. Target of remittances in the annual plan for 2009-10 was $7 billion while the State Bank has projected in its Third Quarterly Report that the country would receive $8.5 to $9 billion. The inflow of remittances in July 2009 to June 2010 period from UAE, Saudi Arabia, USA, GCC countries (including Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar and Oman), UK and EU countries amounted to $2,038.57 million, $1,917.66 million, $1,771.19 million, $1,237.87 million, $876.38 million and $252.22 million respectively, as compared to $1,688.59 million, $1,559.56 million, $1,735.87 million, $1,202.65 million, $605.59 million and $247.66 million respectively, in the July 2008 to June 2009 period. Remittances received from Norway, Switzerland, Australia, Canada, Japan and other countries during FY10 amounted to $810.98 million as against $771.03 million in FY09. During the last month i.e. June 2010, remittances from Saudi Arabia, UAE, USA, GCC countries (including Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar and Oman), UK and EU countries amounted to $199.35 million, $196.38 million, $164.83 million, $105.84 million, $82.47 million and $22.48 million respectively, as compared to corresponding receipts from the respective countries during June, 2009 i.e. $152.33 million, $164.70 million, $154.39 million, $108.11 million, $68.48 million and $22.95 million. Remittances received from Norway, Switzerland, Australia, Canada, Japan and other countries during June 2010 amounted to $70.10 million compared to $64.19 million during June 2009.

18. Formal and informal remittances to developing countries could be as much as three times the size of official development aid. Based on data from the US Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, the number of refugees has remained roughly stable: 13,599,900 in 2009 compared to 14 million in 2000. Data from the UN High Commissioner for Refugees pegs the number of refugees in 2009 at 15.2 million, which includes people in refugee-like situations. The proportion of refugees in migrant has fallen from 8.8 per cent in 2000 to 7.6 per cent in 2010. IDP numbers have grown from 21 million in 2000 to 27 million at the end of 2009.

19. Why Do People Migrate? People migrate for many different reasons. These reasons can be economic, social, political or environmental. Economic Migration This involves moving to find work or follow a particular career path. Social Migration This involves moving some where for a better quality of life or to be closer to family or friends. Political Migration This involves moving to escape political, religious or ethnic persecution, or conflict. Environmental Migration Causes of this type of migration include natural disasters such as flooding or drought.

20. People move for a variety of reasons. They consider the advantages and disadvantages of Staying versus moving, as well as factors such as distance, travel costs, travel time, modes of transportation, terrain, and cultural barriers. Push Factors: Reasons for emigrating (leaving a place) because of a difficulty (such as a food shortage, war, flood, etc.). Pull Factors: Reasons for immigrating (moving into a place) because of something desirable (such as a nicer climate, better food supply, freedom, etc.). Several types of push and pull factors may influence people in their movements (sometimes at the same time), including: Environmental (e.g., climate, natural disasters), Political (e.g., war), Economic (e.g., work), Cultural (e.g., religious freedom, education).

22. The Impact On The Place Left Behind By The Migrant Advantages Migration relieves population pressure and reduces unemployment, which reduces stress on the local or national economy. It also reduces the demand on natural resources. Families left behind will benefit from the money that migrants send. Most families will spend the money on food, other household essentials and education. International migrants send home billions of dollars in remittances each year. For some countries, this money has a huge benefit for the national economy.

23. Disadvantages They lose some of the people who have had the most invested in them. This is sometimes known as the ‘brain- drain‘. The majority of migrants are young men, many of whom are married. Their wives remain at home, but carry a much heavier burden than before as they maintain the household alone. Where migration is common, human trafficking can increase as traffickers see a financial opportunity. Parents who are poor may be encouraged to sell their children in exchange for a small payment.

24. A significant proportion of migrants attempt to return home after several years. Returning migrants are often wealthier than the people around them and they often behave differently, which can cause friction within communities. There can be an increase in disease / syndrome, like, HIV infection as migrants bring HIV home/ country. Pakistan, National AIDS Programme’s, over 4,000 HIV cases have so far been reported since 1986, but UN and government estimates put the number of HIV/AIDS cases around 97,000 ranging from lowest estimate 46,000 to highest estimate-210,000

25. World figure EstimateRange People living with HIV/AIDS in 200933.3 million31.4-35.3 million Adults living with HIV/AIDS in 200930.8 million29.2-32.6 million Women living with HIV/AIDS in 200915.9 million14.8-17.2 million Children living with HIV/AIDS in 20092.5 million1.6-3.4 million People newly infected with HIV in 20092.6 million2.3-2.8 million Adults newly infected with HIV in 20092.2 million2.0-2.4 million AIDS deaths in 20091.8 million1.6-2.1 million Orphans (0-17) due to AIDS in 200916.6 million14.4-18.8 million

26. The Impact On The Place Hosting The Migrant Advantages Migrants frequently go to places that do not have enough local people with the skills to do the jobs that are available. The gaps that migrants fill are focused in either highly skilled jobs, such as doctors, or manual jobs, such as construction workers. This helps to support the economy. Migrants are often more willing to fill job vacancies that local people are unwilling to fill. These include roles such as fruit- picking, child care and cleaning services. The integration of migrants into the culture of the area or country hosting them can lead to cultural diversity in areas such as food and music.

27. Disadvantages Migrants often experience racial abuse and discrimination which divides communities and can increase crime. Migrants often live in neighbour hoods where there are others from the same area. A large migrant community may put extra pressure on local services (such as schools and health services). Countries that receive migrants often have to respond to the sudden arrival of a large number of illegal immigrants, many of whom have risked their lives by traveling in lorries and boats. Migrants can bring illnesses such as tuberculosis, etc and HIV with them.

28. International migration involves a wider diversity of ethnic and cultural groups than ever before; significantly more women are migrating today on their own or as heads of households. The global economic crisis has slowed migration/ emigration in many parts of the world, although it does not appear to have stimulated substantial return migration. With economic recovery and job growth, most experts expect this lowdown to be temporary.

29. The labour force in more developed countries is projected to remain at about 600 million until 2050, while the labour force in less developed countries is expected to increase from 2.4 billion in 2005 to 3 billion in 2020 and 3.6 billion in 2040. At the same time, employment is expected to stagnate in certain parts of the developing world, prompting widening differences in economic opportunities between less developed and more developed countries – at least until 2030.

30. Americas The number of international migrants in the Americas has increased over the last two decades, from almost 47 million in 2000 to over 57.5 million in 2010. Just over a quarter (27%) of all migrants in the world reside in the Americas (UN, 2009). Migration in the Americas is overwhelmingly between countries within the region. According to the Census 2000 data, the main country of destination for migrants in the Americas is the USA, which hosts over two thirds of Latin American and Caribbean emigrants and over 70 per cent of Canadian emigrants.

31. Africa The number of international migrants in Africa in 2010 is estimated to be 19 million – an increase of 1.5 million migrants since 2005. Africa hosted just under 9 per cent of the total global migrants in 2010 (UN DESA, 2009). Africa remains a continent with strong international migration dynamics. Conflicts, income inequality and environmental change result in very low levels of human security that act as push factors for people to move from their countries of origin in Africa. Nearly 40 per cent of all internally displaced persons (IDPs) in the world are living in East and Central Africa. (East Africa: Burundi, Comoros, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Rwanda, Seychelles, Somalia, Uganda, the United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe. Central Africa: Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon)

32. Furthermore, according to the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) and the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC), almost 700,000 people were displaced in Africa in 2008 as a result of environmental disasters (OCHA/IDMC, 2009). According to estimates based on the Census 2000 data, the total number of migrants from Africa is almost 23 million, with approximately half of them moving to, and/or living in, a sub-Saharan country (DRC, 2007).

33. Asia The international migrants in Asia in 2010 is estimated to rise to 27.5 million, which represents just under 13 per cent of the total global figure (UN, 2009). China, Bangladesh and India are among the top ten emigration countries worldwide (World Bank, 2008). According to the Census 2000 data, Pakistan, with 3,426,337, and the Philippines, with 3,399,794, remain important origin countries for migrants moving both within and outside the region.

34. According to the 2000 Census Round Data, the USA was the main destination for Asians, with 7.9 million emigrants recorded there. However, countries within Asia are also important destinations for migrants from the region, with India registering 6.1 million immigrants from Asian countries, primarily Bangladesh and Pakistan, followed by Pakistan (with nearly 2.8 million intraregional migrants), Hong Kong (nearly 2.5 million), Iran (almost 1.9 million) and Malaysia (almost 1.7 million).

35. Europe An estimated 72.6 million migrants in 2010 lived in Europe and Central Asia 5.1 million higher than the migrant in 2005. One in three of all international migrants in the world live in Europe. Migrants represent 8.7 per cent of the total European population (UN DESA, 2009). Net international migration rates have increased across Europe in the period 2005–2010, compared to the previous decade. While the picture varies within different sub regions, the majority of Western and Central European countries have witnessed an increase.

36. Europe comprise countries of Western and Central Europe and Eastern Europe and Central Asia. immigration, with Cyprus, Luxemburg, Spain, Iceland and Ireland being the most affected countries. Eastern European, Central Asian and new Member States of the EU have experienced a reduction in their net emigration, with the vast majority of them reporting a net migration rate between -1.5 and 0 per 1,000 population cent in 2000–2005.

37. During the last five years (2005–2010), southern Europe accounts for the biggest share of the increase (3.4 million people, with an annual average growth rate in migrant of 5.2%), while Central Asia was the only region to witness a decline (-0.4% annual average growth rate of migrant ).

38. Middle East The migrants in the Middle East in 2010 stands at an estimated 26.6 million migrants (around 13.5% of the total global migrant stock). The region saw an increase of 4.5 million migrants, compared with the 2005. The Middle East thus continues to be one of the fastest growing migrant-receiving regions, with an annual average growth rate in migrant stock equal to 3.8 per cent. Migrants represent 11.9 per cent of the total population in the region (UN, 2009). Countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) and Israel remain the main destination countries in the region.

39. Australia / New Zealand In recent years, 21.8 per cent of the population growth experienced by the region has been directly related to the arrival of new migrants (UN, 2009). Migrants represent 25 per cent or more of the total population in four cities in the region: Sydney, Melbourne, Perth (Australia) and Auckland (New Zealand). Sydney and Melbourne host the highest number of migrants, with 1,235,908 and 960,145 foreign-born residents, respectively (MPI, 2007). Australia / New Zealand remains a region of immigration, with more people entering the continent than leaving.