1. Evolution Theory Divine Right Theory Force Theory Social Contract Theories on the Origin of the State 1.E volution Theory 2.Divine Right Theory 3.F orce Theory 4.Social Contract Theory supernews

2. MAIN IDEAS and INTRODUCTION * BIG PICTURE : Applying the scientific method to their PHYSICAL WORLD, Enlightenment thinkers, or philosophes, re-examined ALL aspects of SOCIETY – from government and justice to religion and the rights of man (and women).… * These PHILOSOPHES created a movement that impacted the entire Western World! (17 th and 18 th Century PHILOSOPHICAL movement) … a cultural, intellectual, social and scientific movement! WHAT IS THE ENLIGHTENMENT? Job Tips

3.  What is the “Scientific Method”?  What is “Alchemy” and what role did it play in creating the “Scientific Method”?  Why is the Church and the Monarchs going to lose some of their power during the Scientific Revolution? Method

4. The Enlightenment Apply reason to…GOVERNMENT Philosophers wrote books They condemned tyranny and social injustice. They condemned people in authority - the government and the church (printing press!). Their ideas sparked the American Revolution and the French Revolution.

5. The State of Nature The state of a nature is the state that preceded governments….a time when there was no law. There must have been a time before government so…the question is how do people behave without any restraint on their actions? How one views human-nature determines how one views the role of government * The STATE OF NATURE is a hypothetical condition that preceded SOCIETY, civil government and structure – think a deserted ISLAND…

6. Social Contract Theory The Scientific Revolution 1.One theory about how political authority can arise is social contract theory. 2. According to social contract theory, consent is the basis of government. 3. It is because people have agreed to be ruled that governments are entitled to rule.

7. Social Contract Theory The Scientific Revolution 4.Social contract theorists envisage a transition from a state of nature to a state of government. 5. Individuals come together and form contracts which serve their interests, and these contracts establish rule.

8. “Founder” of the Social Contract Theory. English thinker, wrote views of government in “Leviathan” People may agree to be ruled by an all-powerful ruler of a State he called “Leviathan”. Why? Belief that people only act in their self-interest. W/Out Government…a state of constant “War” New Views on Government Thomas Hobbes - Thomas Hobbes -1588-1679

9. Since there are only limited resources…people live in fear of losing what they have or not getting what they need. State of utter distrust…and constant conflict Life could be nasty, brutish, and short However…man is rationale and wants a stable society Hence…agree to a “Leviathan” or powerul government. New Views on Government

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11. The State of Nature According to HOBBES - Video In a State of Nature Why Will There Be No Industry? What is the role of government?

12. the State of Nature is a state of liberty where persons are free to pursue their own interests and plans, free from interference…the natural condition of mankind the State of Nature is a state of liberty where persons are free to pursue their own interests and plans, free from interference…the natural condition of mankind People were moral and equal under the eyes of God. People were moral and equal under the eyes of God. The pursuit (and protection) of property was what drove people The pursuit (and protection) of property was what drove people New Views on Government John Locke - John Locke -1632-1704

13. New Views on Government It is government’s job to protect a person’s “Natural Rights”It is government’s job to protect a person’s “Natural Rights” –Life, Liberty, and Property –These rights are God-Given… –So…no-one has the “Divine Right” to rule another –Government gets the right to rule from the consent of those governed –Believed 3 things were needed: 1) Laws 2) Judges to adjudicate 3) and an Executive to enforce laws

14. John Locke: Wrote the “Two Treatises on Government” New Views on Government Has been called “The Bible” of the American Revolution.Has been called “The Bible” of the American Revolution. Locke believes that property is a RIGHT not a thing. So…Property Rights are to be protected by government.Locke believes that property is a RIGHT not a thing. So…Property Rights are to be protected by government. For Limited Government to work…you need a moral society.For Limited Government to work…you need a moral society. The less “Moral” the society…the more government would be needed.The less “Moral” the society…the more government would be needed. If govt. no longer protects property and well- being then have an obligation to resist.If govt. no longer protects property and well- being then have an obligation to resist.

15. But what is government itself, but the greatest of all reflections on human nature? If men were angels, no government would be necessary. If angels were to govern men, neither external nor internal controls on government would be necessary. In framing a government which is to be administered by men over men, the great difficulty lies in this: you must first enable the government to control the governed; and in the next place oblige it to control itself. A dependence on the people is, no doubt, the primary control on the government; but experience has taught mankind the necessity of auxiliary precautions.11

16. John Locke Video John Locke Video New Views on Government FRAMEWORK QUESTIONS: 1)According to Locke…without govt. what are people forced to do? Why is this a problem? 2)Hobbes and Locke: How does each view the role of government? 3)Getting Drunk…what does Hobbes say and why? 4)Getting Drunk…what does Locke say and why?

17. REVOLUTION 1. You are John Locke, respond to the video clip…use the “social contract theory” in your answer. 2. What is a “peaceful” revolution? Give some examples. 3. Explain JFK’s quote (in your own words!). Fear the people The story Fear the people 2 The story 2 Dominoes

18. REVOLUTION Fear the people “Those who make peaceful revolution impossible…will make violent revolution Inevitable.” John F. Kennedy

19. REVOLUTION Fear the people The story Montesquieu 2

20. New Views on Government "Everyone has property in his own person. This nobody has any right to but himself. The labour of his body, and the work of his hands, we may say, are properly his". Re-write in your OWN words “The reason why men enter into society is the accumulation and preservation of their property.” What are 3 DIFFERENT examples of property? So…according to Locke…what would be a major role for govt.