1. Chapter 5 Prenatal Development 5-1 The Developing Baby 5-2 A Closer Look at Conception 5-3 Problems in Prenatal Development 5-4 Avoiding Danger to the Baby

2. The Developing Baby Conception – Ovary releases Ovum (egg) 2-3 day journey to uterus – ovum only lives 12 to 24 hours Sperm lives for 48 to 72 hours - there are 3 to 4 days in which intercourse could lead to conception (Discussion – Why might it be important to know this?) – Conception occurs when sperm and egg unite

3. Three Periods Zygote - 1 st stage (2 weeks of rapid cell division – size of pin head) – Zygote travels and attaches to uterus for nourishment Embryo – 2 nd stage (3-8 weeks) – Major systems of human body form – hearts, lungs, bones, and muscle with brain taking control of functions. – Sac of amniotic fluid forms to protect baby. – Placenta takes food and oxygen from the mother’s blood stream through umbilical cord to baby. – The umbilical cord also takes waste away from baby Fetus – 3 rd stage (9 th week to birth) fluid and the woman’s abdomen continue to grow. By the seventh month the fetus is capable of surviving outside the uterus with medical help as it is in months 8 and 9 that the major organs mature to function independently and the fetus gains fat deposits and stores nutrients and build immunities. Lightening - In ninth month the baby drops head first into the birth canal; mother feels more comfortable in her upper abdomen

4. Group project Each group will create a drawing of the baby at the assigned stage of development and use labels to highlight the changes that took place that month. Title drawing with the month.

5. Copy the following in your journal: What did it feel like walking up the stairs? Could you touch your toes? Could you get up off the floor without help? Write a diary entry in first person as though you are nine months pregnant. What are you feeling?

6. Section 5-2 A Closer Look at Conception Discussion: Who do you look most like in your family? Physical build; skin color; hair texture and color; shape and color of eyes; shape and size of hands, ears, and feet; and blood type. Musical ability and some medical conditions may be passed on. HOW DOES THIS HAPPEN?

7. The Chromosome Package Chromosome facts: – Tiny threadlike particles in the nucleus of ever cell – We have 46 that form 23 pairs (one from mom- contributed from the ovum- and one from dad- contributed from the sperm) – Each chromosome has thousands of genes; these determine our inherited characteristics – Two copies of a gene (1 from mom, 1 from dad) create the inherited characteristic (Dominant gene wins) (Ex. Blue eyes bb vs. brown eyes BB so Bb =brown eyes) – Sex chromosomes X and Y; XX = girl; XY = Boy. The sperm determines the outcome.

8. Multiple Births – Identical Twins – when the fertilized egg begins cell division and the mass of cells splits in half – Fraternal twins – mom releases two eggs – result in the union of different eggs and sperm. (3X’s more) – The birth of more than two babies may result in either or a combination Infertility – when a couple can’t become pregnant physical problems may be the cause. – Fertility drugs may be given to a woman who is not releasing an egg each month Side effects: lung problems, abdominal pain nausea, diarrhea, or dizziness, and an increased chance of multiple babies

9. Options for Infertile Couples Adoption Artificial Insemination – sperm (husband’s or donor’s) is injected into a woman’s uterus In vitro fertilization - mature egg and sperm are combined in small dish – zygote is then placed in uterus to attach to uterus = normal pregnancy Surrogate mother – woman who becomes pregnant for another couple, usually includes legal arrangement - controversial

10. Journal assignment P. 154 #3 Observing and Participating. Make a chart showing the generations of your family or a family you know from grandparents through parents and their brothers and sisters to the present generation – including brothers, sisters, and cousins. On the chart show the hair color and eye color of each person. Write a paragraph describing any patterns you see.

11. P Popa Nana Grammy Papa Charlie (Black/gray, blue, olive) (brown.gray, blue, fair) (brown, blue, olive) (black, blue, fair DaddyMom (black/gray, blue, olive, square jaw, 6’3) (brown, blue, olive – died of melanoma 5’5” RonLyndee Sheri Kathy Charles Elenor Betsy Me Black L. brown L. brown L. brown L. brown L, brown L brown dark b. 6’3 5’6” 5’7” 5’8” 6’4” 5’4” 5’7” 5’7” Blueblue blueblueblue blueblue blue

12. Section 5-3 Problems in Prenatal Losing a Baby (developing baby dies): – Miscarriage – before 20 weeks – Stillbirth – after 20 weeks Birth Defects – a serious problem that threatens a child’s health or ability to live. – 3 out of every 100 children have a birth defect – 4 main causes: (60 % unknown) Environment of developing baby Abnormal genes Errors in chromosomes Combination of Environment and heredity

13. Causes Environmental: – Nutritional balance of her diet – everything the mother takes in may affect baby – Diseases or infections of mother during pregnancy – Some medicines – Exposure to outside hazards: radiation Hereditary Causes: most imperfect genes we carry are recessive, but if both parents pass the recessive gene the child will develop the defect. – Color blindness and hemophilia affect only males Errors in Chromosomes: when a child has too many or too few chromosomes a defect will occur. In Downs syndrome has an extra chromosome on pair 21. Combination of Heredity and Environment: possible outcomes- heart defects, clef lip, and spina bifida.

14. Prevention and Diagnosis Genetic Counseling – explains the options and risks. Family history is taken, medical testing done to determine if there is a genetic problem and the probability of having a child with a defect Prenatal Testing - many birth defects can be detected, but no test to see if child is normal – Blood test – Ultrasound – sound waves make image of baby Developing on schedule Skeletal defects and presence or organs – Amniocentesis – amniotic fluid is drawn and tested Most often used to detect Downs syndrome (mom over 35) – Chorionic villi sampling - ample tests tissue from the membrane encasing fetus (more risky)

15. 5-4 Avoiding Dangers to the Baby Alcohol interferes with tissue growth, brain tissue most susceptible – child may have fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) 1 in 5 die soon after birth. Survivors may be: – Mentally retarded – Slow growth, – Poor coordination – Heart defects – Facial disfigurement – Learning problems & hyperactivity (Degree of damage is directly related to alcohol consumed and possibly stage at which she drank)

16. Other Drugs Prescription and Over-the-Counter Drugs – Medicines or infections during the first three months of pregnancy when body systems and brain development are most critical can cause retardation – In last 6 months – slow growth, infections, or bleeding at birth may result Caffeine – in small amounts may not harm baby; large amounts may result in miscarriage, low birth rate, and higher rates of infant deaths Tobacco – smaller baby, premature births, respiratory infections and allergies after birth Illegal Drugs – addiction passed on to baby with life long effects. Withdrawal may result in death, and survivors often cannot understand school classes. Often these drugs lead to miscarriage, stillbirths, and birth defects X-rays – may cause birth defects Rubella – German measles – deafness, blindness, heart disease, mental retardation STD’s – may be passed on to the child, cause deformity and even death. Syphilis and Gonorrhea may cause blindness – solution placed in babies eyes at birth to help kill gonorrhea germs AIDS – untreated the baby is at risk, mother may be given treatment to reduce chances her baby will develop it.