1. Solutions, Solvents, Acids and Bases

2. Solutions Liquids: more ordered that gases due to stronger intermolecular forces more dense than gases, but less compressible Diffuse, just like gases, but slower Surface tension: force that pulls parts of a liquid’s surface together, to decrease surface area Solute: substance being dissolved when making a solution Solvent: substance that does the dissolving Aqueous solution: when water does the dissolving Hydrate: A compound that has water in it

3. Anhydrous: when you take the water out of a compound Soluble: capable of being dissolved –increasing temperature, increases KE, so more soluble, this is why you heat something to dissolve it. Insoluble: unable to be dissolved

4. Saturated solution: contains the maximum amount of dissolved solute Unsaturated solution: contains less solute than the max Supersaturated solution: contains more solute than the maximum –Must be heated to get the more solute to dissolve, but then as cooled will crystallized –Borax crystal ornaments Immiscible: liquids that are not soluble in each other. Like dissolves like. – Nonpolar dissolves nonpolar. –Polar dissolves polar and ionic

5. Ionic, Polar Covalent, Non-polar Covalent Compounds Ionic compounds have charges for the ions involved Covalent: –Share unequally- imbalance of electrons…so a partial charges occurs –Share equally- no charges because equal desire.

6. Water Water is polar covalent – from unequal sharing –Oxygen wants the electrons more –Partial charges form Water will dissolve ionic compounds and other polar covalent compounds (unequal sharing)

7. So how do I get it out? If something will not dissolve in water, it must be non-polar covalent and would need another non-polar covalent compound to dissolve it. Ink ….doesn’t dissolve in water, so use something else that doesn’t dissolve in water…like alcohol Gum….needs an oil to dissolve, since neither Gum nor oil will dissolve easily in water.

8. Suspensions: when a particle (solute) in a solvent are so big that they settle out unless the mixture is constantly stirred. (medication) –Gravity pulls them to the bottom of the container Colloids: when a particle (solute) is intermediate in size. –Between a solution and a suspension –Cannot be separated with a filter –Cause a mixture to look cloudy –Emulsions: mayonnaise (oil in water) –Light will scatter when passed through a colloid, this is known as Tyndall Effect

9. Concentration: the amount of a solute in a given amount of a solvent or solution. Molarity: number of moles of solute in one liter of solution Symbol is “M” Molarity (M) = moles of solute Liters of solution Rx would be #micrograms or milligrams per # milliliters

11. Colligative Properties Properties that depend on the concentration of solute, i.e. the number of particles (NaCl vs. C 6 H 12 O 6 ) Adding more non-volatile solute will raise the boiling point and lower the freezing point of the solvent. Boiling Point Elevation: since there is more solute, there is a lower percent of solvent, so less water (solvent) will move from liquid to gas and thus boil. It will then take longer to boil Particles block the surface of the solution, making it harder for the solvent (g) to escape. More KE is required, so the temperature must increase

12. Freezing Point Lowering/Depression: adding more solute will decrease the percent of solvent (water) so it will decrease faster and at lower temperatures. Solute particles interfere with the organization of the solid. In order to form the solid around the solute particles, the kinetic energy must decrease, so the freezing point is lowered

13. Reaction Rate: rate is speed for a reaction to occur, atoms must collide with enough energy activation energy: energy need to activate the reaction –some reactions need just a spark of energy to get it going Temperature: reactions go faster at higher temperatures –higher temp, more Kinetic Energy, more likely to collide –lower temperatures cause the reaction to slow down

14. Concentration: amount of a substance present –raising concentration speeds up the reaction –more particles present, the more likely they are to collide –Lowering concentration, slows down the rate Pressure: (gases) the greater the pressure, the less space, so more likely to collide Catalyst: a substance that speeds up the reaction without participating in the reaction. –Lowers the activation energy-- so speeds up reaction

15. –This is done by creating a new mechanism pathway for reaction and the formation of a different activated complex with a lower activation energy. Inhibitor : slows down a reaction –food spoiling Surface Area: The more finely divided the particles are, the faster the reaction will be. This is because more surface area is exposed for collision.

16. Properties of Acids Taste sour Conducts an electrical current & Form H + (aq) Turns indicators colors (blue litmus red & phenolphthalein colorless) Acids lose acidity when combined with bases, to form water and salts Corrosive to skin, react with water molecules in tissues. Either produce a H+ ion or has H+ in it to donate Basically it has a H in front of the compound

17. Properties of Bases Tastes bitter (like soap) Conducts electricity & Forms OH- (aq) Turns indicators colors (litmus blue & phenolphthalein pink) Neutralizes acids Alkalies/ Bases become less alkaline when they are combined with acids. Feels slippery, turns oil in skin to soap Corrosive to skin Either has a OH- ion in it or produces a OH- ion

18. Acid-Base Neutralization HX + MOH H 2 O + MX acid base water salt If the moles of H+ = moles of OH- the acid and base have been neutralized. This is called the equivalence point and water and a salt is produced You can’t just consider the volume used, you must also consider the concentration of the solution. A lot of a weak acid may not neutralize your base, if the base is strong.

19. pH and pOH A neutral solution has a pH of 7. pH scale : ranges from 0 to 14, where 7 is neutral. The lower the number, the more acidic (0 - 6) The higher the number, the more basic (8-14) Indicators colors change in the presence of and acid or base depending on the indicator

20. Phenolphthalein

21. Litmus Paper