1. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. PowerPoint ® Lecture Presentations prepared by Leslie Hendon University of Alabama, Birmingham 22 PART 1 The Respiratory System Pages 645-665

2. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. The Respiratory System Basic functions of the respiratory system Supplies body with oxygen Disposes of carbon dioxide Four processes involved in respiration Pulmonary ventilation External respiration Transport of respiratory gases Internal respiration

3. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Functional Anatomy of the Respiratory System Respiratory organs Nose, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinuses Pharynx, larynx, and trachea Bronchi and smaller branches Lungs and alveoli

4. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Organs of the Respiratory System Figure 22.1 Nasal cavity Trachea Carina of trachea Left main (primary) bronchus Right main (primary) bronchus Right lung Parietal pleura Left lung Alveoli Bronchi Nostril Oral cavity Pharynx Larynx Diaphragm

5. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Organs of the Respiratory System Divided into Conducting zone Respiratory zone

6. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. The Nose Provides an airway for respiration Moistens and warms air Filters inhaled air Resonating chamber for speech Houses olfactory receptors

7. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. The Nose Size variation due to differences in nasal cartilages Skin is thin—contains many sebaceous glands Figure 22.2 Frontal bone Nasal bone Septal cartilage Maxillary bone (frontal process) Lateral process of septal cartilage Minor alar cartilages Major alar cartilages Dense fibrous connective tissue (b) External skeletal framework Epicranius, frontal belly Ala of nose Root and bridge of nose Dorsum nasi Apex of nose Philtrum Naris (nostril) (a) Surface anatomy

8. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. The Nasal Cavity External nares—nostrils Divided by nasal septum Continuous with nasopharynx Posterior nasal apertures—choanae

9. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Nasal Cavity Two types of mucous membrane Olfactory mucosa Near roof of nasal cavity Houses olfactory (smell) receptors Respiratory mucosa Lines nasal cavity Epithelium is pseudostratified ciliated columnar

10. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. The Upper Respiratory Tract Figure 22.3 Sphenoid sinus Frontal sinus Nasal meatuses (superior, middle, and inferior) Nasopharynx Uvula Palatine tonsil Isthmus of the fauces Posterior nasal aperture Opening of pharyngotympanic tube Pharyngeal tonsil Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Vocal fold Esophagus (c) Illustration Nasal conchae (superior, middle and inferior) Nasal vestibule Nostril Nasal cavity Hard palate Soft palate Tongue Lingual tonsil Epiglottis Hyoid bone Larynx Thyroid cartilage Vestibular fold Cricoid cartilage Thyroid gland Trachea Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone

11. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Nasal Conchae Superior and middle nasal conchae Part of the ethmoid bone Inferior nasal conchae Separate bone Project medially from the lateral wall of the nasal cavity

12. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. The Pharynx Funnel-shaped passageway Connects nasal cavity and mouth Divided into three sections by location Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Type of mucosal lining changes along its length

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14. The Upper Respiratory Tract Figure 22.3 Sphenoid sinus Frontal sinus Nasal meatuses (superior, middle, and inferior) Nasopharynx Uvula Palatine tonsil Isthmus of the fauces Posterior nasal aperture Opening of pharyngotympanic tube Pharyngeal tonsil Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Vocal fold Esophagus (c) Illustration Nasal conchae (superior, middle and inferior) Nasal vestibule Nostril Nasal cavity Hard palate Soft palate Tongue Lingual tonsil Epiglottis Hyoid bone Larynx Thyroid cartilage Vestibular fold Cricoid cartilage Thyroid gland Trachea Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone

15. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. The Nasopharynx Superior to the point where food enters Only an air passageway Closed off during swallowing Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids) Located on posterior wall Destroys entering pathogens Contains the opening to the pharyngotympanic tube (auditory tube)

16. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. The Oropharynx Arch-like entranceway—fauces Extends from soft palate to the epiglottis Epithelium Stratified squamous epithelium Two types of tonsils in the oropharynx Palatine tonsils—in the lateral walls of the fauces Lingual tonsils—covers the posterior surface of the tongue

17. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. The Upper Respiratory Tract Figure 22.3 Sphenoid sinus Frontal sinus Nasal meatuses (superior, middle, and inferior) Nasopharynx Uvula Palatine tonsil Isthmus of the fauces Posterior nasal aperture Opening of pharyngotympanic tube Pharyngeal tonsil Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Vocal fold Esophagus (c) Illustration Nasal conchae (superior, middle and inferior) Nasal vestibule Nostril Nasal cavity Hard palate Soft palate Tongue Lingual tonsil Epiglottis Hyoid bone Larynx Thyroid cartilage Vestibular fold Cricoid cartilage Thyroid gland Trachea Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone

18. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. The Laryngopharynx Passageway for both food and air Epithelium Stratified squamous epithelium Continuous with the esophagus and larynx

19. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. The Larynx Three functions Voice production Provides an open airway Routes air and food into the proper channels Superior opening is Closed during swallowing Open during breathing

20. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. The Upper Respiratory Tract Figure 22.3 Sphenoid sinus Frontal sinus Nasal meatuses (superior, middle, and inferior) Nasopharynx Uvula Palatine tonsil Isthmus of the fauces Posterior nasal aperture Opening of pharyngotympanic tube Pharyngeal tonsil Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Vocal fold Esophagus (c) Illustration Nasal conchae (superior, middle and inferior) Nasal vestibule Nostril Nasal cavity Hard palate Soft palate Tongue Lingual tonsil Epiglottis Hyoid bone Larynx Thyroid cartilage Vestibular fold Cricoid cartilage Thyroid gland Trachea Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone

21. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Nine Cartilages of the Larynx Thyroid cartilage Shield-shaped, forms laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple) Three pairs of small cartilages Arytenoid cartilages Corniculate cartilages Cuneiform cartilages Epiglottis Tips inferiorly during swallowing

22. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Anatomy of the Larynx Figure 22.5a, b Body of hyoid bone Cricoid cartilage Laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple) Clavicle Sternal head Clavicular head Sternocleidomastoid Jugular notch (a) Surface view Body of hyoid bone Epiglottis Cricoid cartilage Tracheal cartilages Thyroid cartilage Laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple) Cricothyroid ligament Cricotracheal ligament (b) Anterior view Thyrohyoid membrane

23. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Anatomy of the Larynx Figure 22.5c, d Hyoid bone Thyroid cartilage Glottis (c) Photograph of cartilaginous framework of the larynx, posterior view Epiglottis Corniculate cartilage Arytenoid cartilage Cricoid cartilage Tracheal cartilages Thyrohyoid membrane Epiglottis Body of hyoid bone Thyrohyoid membrane Vestibular fold (false vocal cord) Vocal fold (true vocal cord) Cricothyroid ligament Cricotracheal ligament Fatty pad Thyroid cartilage Cuneiform cartilage Corniculate cartilage Arytenoid cartilage Cricoid cartilage Tracheal cartilages Arytenoid muscle (d) Sagittal section (anterior on the right) Thyrohyoid membrane

24. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. The Larynx Vocal ligaments of the larynx Vocal folds (true vocal cords) Act in sound production Vestibular folds (false vocal cords) No role in sound production Epithelium of the larynx Stratified squamous—superior portion Pseudostratified ciliated columnar—inferior portion

25. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Movements of the Vocal Folds Figure 22.6

26. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. The Trachea Descends into the mediastinum C-shaped cartilage rings keep airway open Carina Marks where trachea divides into two primary bronchi Epithelium Pseudostratified ciliated columnar

27. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Organs of the Respiratory System Figure 22.1 Nasal cavity Trachea Carina of trachea Left main (primary) bronchus Right main (primary) bronchus Right lung Parietal pleura Left lung Alveoli Bronchi Nostril Oral cavity Pharynx Larynx Diaphragm

28. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. The Trachea Figure 22.7 (a) Cross section of the trachea and esophagus Hyaline cartilage Submucosa Mucosa Seromucous gland in submucosa Posterior Lumen of trachea Anterior Esophagus Trachealis muscle Adventitia (b) Photomicrograph of the tracheal wall (250  ) Hyaline cartilage Lamina propria (connective tissue) Submucosa Mucosa Seromucous gland in submucosa Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

29. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Bronchi in the Conducting Zone Bronchial tree Extensively branching respiratory passageways Primary bronchi (main bronchi) Largest bronchi Right main bronchi Wider and shorter than the left

30. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Bronchi in the Conducting Zone Figure 22.8a Trachea Superior lobe of right lung Middle lobe of right lung Inferior lobe of right lung Superior lobe of left lung Left main (primary) bronchus Lobar (secondary) bronchus Segmental (tertiary) bronchus Inferior lobe of left lung (a) The branching of the bronchial tree

31. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Bronchi in the Conducting Zone Secondary (lobar) bronchi Three on the right Two on the left Tertiary (segmental) bronchi Branch into each lung segment Bronchioles Little bronchi, less than 1 mm in diameter Terminal bronchioles Less than 0.5 mm in diameter

32. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.12 Bronchopulmonary segments. Apical Posterior Anterior Lateral Medial Superior Anterior basal Lateral basal Medial basal Lateral basal Posterior basal Anterior basal Lateral basal Superior Anterior basal Medial basal Lateral basal Posterior basal Superior Inferior Anterior Apicoposterior Apical Posterior Anterior Superior lingular Inferior lingular Superior division Lingular division Right lung Left lung Superior Middle Inferior Segmental bronchi Superior Inferior Superior lobe Inferior lobe Superior lobe Inferior lobe Middle lobe Lingular Distribution of bronchiopulmonary segments on lateral surface of lungs

33. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Changes in Tissue Composition along Conducting Pathways Supportive connective tissues change C-shaped rings replaced by cartilage plates Epithelium changes First, pseudostratified ciliated columnar Replaced by simple columnar, then simple cuboidal epithelium Smooth muscle becomes important Airways widen with sympathetic stimulation Airways constrict under parasympathetic direction

34. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.8b The bronchi in the conducting zone. Lumen Pseudostratified epithelium Lamina propria Cartilage plate Smooth muscle Mucosa Photomicrograph of a bronchus (35  ) Fibromusculo- cartilaginous layer

35. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Structures of the Respiratory Zone Consists of air-exchanging structures Respiratory bronchioles—branch from terminal bronchioles Lead to alveolar ducts Lead to alveolar sacs

36. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Structures of the Respiratory Zone Figure 22.9a Alveolar duct Alveoli Alveolar sac Respiratory bronchioles Terminal bronchiole (a)

37. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.9b Structures of the respiratory zone. Respiratory bronchiole Alveolar duct Alveoli Alveolar sac Alveolar pores

38. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Structures of the Respiratory Zone Alveoli ~300 million alveoli account for tremendous surface area of the lungs Structure of alveoli Type I cells—single layer of simple squamous epithelial cells Surrounded by basal lamina Alveolar and capillary walls plus their basal lamina form Respiratory membrane

39. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.10a, b Anatomy of Alveoli and the Respiratory Membrane Elastic fibers (a) Diagrammatic view of capillary-alveoli relationships Smooth muscle Alveolus Capillaries Terminal bronchiole Respiratory bronchiole

40. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.10c Anatomy of Alveoli and the Respiratory Membrane Alveolus Capillary Type II (surfactant- secreting) cell Type I cell of alveolar wall Endothelial cell nucleus Macrophage Alveoli (gas-filled air spaces) Red blood cell in capillary Alveolar pores Capillary endothelium Fused basement membranes of the alveolar epithelium and the capillary endothelium Alveolar epithelium Respiratory membrane Red blood cell O2O2 Alveolus CO 2 Capillary Nucleus of type I (squamous epithelial) cell (c) Detailed anatomy of the respiratory membrane

41. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Structures of the Respiratory Zone Structures of alveoli (continued) Type II cells—scattered among type I cells Are cuboidal epithelial cells Secrete surfactant Reduces surface tension within alveoli Alveolar macrophages

42. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Gross Anatomy of the Lungs Major landmarks of the lungs Apex, base, hilum, and root Left lung Superior and inferior lobes Fissure—oblique Right lung Superior, middle, and inferior lobes Fissures—oblique and horizontal

43. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Left superior lobe Oblique fissure Left inferior lobe (b) Photograph of medial view of the left lung Left main bronchus Pulmonary vein Impression of heart Oblique fissure Lobules Pulmonary artery Apex of lung Hilum Aortic impression Gross Anatomy of the Lungs Anterior View of Thoracic Structures Figure 22.11a, b Trachea Apex of lung Thymus Right superior lobe Horizontal fissure Right middle lobe Oblique fissure Right inferior lobe Heart (in mediastinum) Diaphragm Base of lung Left superior lobe Cardiac notch Oblique fissure Left inferior lobe Lung Pleural cavity Parietal pleura Rib Intercostal muscle Visceral pleura (a) Anterior view. The lungs flank mediastinal structures laterally.

44. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.11a Trachea Apex of lung Thymus Right superior lobe Horizontal fissure Right middle lobe Oblique fissure Right inferior lobe Heart (in mediastinum) Diaphragm Base of lung Left superior lobe Cardiac notch Oblique fissure Left inferior lobe Lung Pleural cavity Parietal pleura Rib Intercostal muscle Visceral pleura (a) Anterior view. The lungs flank mediastinal structures laterally.

45. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Blood Supply and Innervation of the Lungs Pulmonary arteries Deliver oxygen-poor blood to the lungs Pulmonary veins Carry oxygenated blood to the heart

46. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Transverse Cut through the Superior Thorax Figure 22.11d (d) Transverse section through the thorax, viewed from above. Lungs, pleural membranes, and major organs in the mediastinum are shown. Esophagus (in mediastinum) Right lung Parietal pleura Visceral pleura Pleural cavity Pericardial membranes Sternum Anterior Posterior Vertebra Root of lung at hilum Left lung Thoracic wall Pulmonary trunk Heart (in mediastinum) Anterior mediastinum Left main bronchus Left pulmonary artery Left pulmonary vein

47. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. The Pleurae A double-layered sac surrounding each lung Parietal pleura Visceral pleura Pleural cavity Space between the visceral and parietal pleurae Pleurae help divide the thoracic cavity Central mediastinum Two lateral pleural compartments

48. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Diagram of the Pleurae and Pleural Cavities Figure 22.11a Trachea Apex of lung Thymus Right superior lobe Horizontal fissure Right middle lobe Oblique fissure Right inferior lobe Heart (in mediastinum) Diaphragm Base of lung Left superior lobe Cardiac notch Oblique fissure Left inferior lobe Lung Pleural cavity Parietal pleura Rib Intercostal muscle Visceral pleura (a) Anterior view. The lungs flank mediastinal structures laterally.

49. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. The Mechanisms of Ventilation Two phases of pulmonary ventilation Inspiration—inhalation Expiration—exhalation

50. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Inspiration Volume of thoracic cavity increases Decreases internal gas pressure Action of the diaphragm Diaphragm flattens Action of intercostal muscles Contraction raises the ribs

51. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Expiration Quiet expiration—chiefly a passive process Inspiratory muscles relax Diaphragm moves superiorly Volume of thoracic cavity decreases

52. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.14 Changes in thoracic volume and sequence of events during inspiration and expiration. Ribs are elevated and sternum flares as external intercostals contract. Diaphragm moves inferiorly during contraction. External intercostals contract. External intercostals relax. Ribs and sternum are depressed as external intercostals relax. Diaphragm moves superiorly as it relaxes. Sequence of events Changes in anterior-posterior and superior-inferior dimensions Changes in lateral dimensions (superior view) Inspiration Exspiration Inspiratory muscles contract (diaphragm descends; rib cage rises). 1122334455 Thoracic cavity and pleural cavity increase in volume. Lungs are stretched; lung volume increases. Air pressure in lungs decreases. Air (gases) flows into lungs. Inspiratory muscles relax (diaphragm rises; rib cage descends because of recoil of costal cartilages). Thoracic cavity and pleural cavity decrease in volume. Elastic lungs recoil passively; lung volume decreases. Air pressure in lungs rises. Air (gases) flows out of lungs.