1. © 2013, 2010, 2007, 2003, 2000 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. L. Dean Webb Arlene Metha K. Forbis Jordan Foundations of American Education Seventh Edition

2. 1-2 Webb, Metha, and Jordan Foundations of American Education, 7e © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 6 From Revolution to the Twentieth Century

3. Webb, Metha, and Jordan Foundations of American Education, 7e © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Overview of Chapter 6 Education in the Early National Period The Common School Movement Leading Proponents of the Common School Movement Secondary School Movement Developments in Higher Education Education of Minorities Teacher Education

4. Webb, Metha, and Jordan Foundations of American Education, 7e © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Education in the Early National Period Northwest Land Ordinances Land Ordinance of 1785 Required the 16 th section of land in each township be set aside for the support of education Nationalism and Education Thomas Jefferson Believed men were entitled certain rights Provided legislation in Virginia for system of free, universal public education Benjamin Rush Advocate of education for blacks and women Noah Webster Schools should have distinctive language and curriculum to prove political independence from England

5. Webb, Metha, and Jordan Foundations of American Education, 7e © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Education in the Early National Period Educational Innovations Monitorial Schools- Started by an American Quaker One paid teacher instructed hundreds through use of student helpers or “monitors” Free School Societies/Charity Schools: For poor children in urban environment Sunday Schools: Taught children who worked during the week Infant Schools: Designed for children age 4-7 The Growth of the Academy Academies for Women: Provided opportunities for women

6. Webb, Metha, and Jordan Foundations of American Education, 7e © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Common School Movement Educational system as we now know it began in 1830 State systems of education established Moving forces Changing demographics- larger, more urban Demands of the Working Class Social Control The Frontier Movement Extended Suffrage Educational Journals and Organizations Protestant Religious Accommodation

7. Webb, Metha, and Jordan Foundations of American Education, 7e © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Horace Mann Considered “Father of American Education” Spokesperson for common school movement Influenced educational legislation Established normal schools (first teacher training institutions) Henry Barnard Another major leader of common school Democratic philosophy Catherine Beecher Strong supporter of common school and female teachers Leading Proponents of the Common School Movement

8. Webb, Metha, and Jordan Foundations of American Education, 7e © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Growth of State and Local Support and Supervision Increased state support providing aid to schools Prior to having taxes support education, parents of children in school paid a rate bill Creation of State Boards and State Superintendents of Education Creation of Local School Districts and Superintendents Common Schools developed more organized curriculum and practices

9. Webb, Metha, and Jordan Foundations of American Education, 7e © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Secondary School Movement Fully established in later part of 19 th century First comprehensive high school was established in 1831 Grew slowly prior to civil war primarily in urban areas Factors contributing to growth of secondary education Increased population growth and demand for skilled workers Tax support and compulsory attendance laws furthered secondary education and literacy

10. Webb, Metha, and Jordan Foundations of American Education, 7e © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Committee of Ten Established by National Education Association Proposed a standardized curriculum Basic subjects with little room for electives Curriculum dominated by college-prep courses Seven Cardinal Principles A group responding critically to original decision Identified objectives important for education Not solely focused on college-prep goals Junior high schools appear, providing training for grades six and seven or six through eight Secondary School Movement

11. Webb, Metha, and Jordan Foundations of American Education, 7e © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Developments in Higher Education Increase in common schools led to increase in higher education First state institutions established in South Lecture, recitation, and strict discipline common Dartmouth College Case Private colleges secure from government control Morrill Acts-Land-Grant Institutions Granted 30,000 acres of land to each state for each senator and representative in 1862 Second Morrill Act provided for grants to each state to develop land-grant colleges

12. Webb, Metha, and Jordan Foundations of American Education, 7e © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Higher Education for Women Few opportunities existed for women before Civil War During Civil War higher education flourished Women’s colleges established Emergence of the Modern University Between end of Civil War and beginning of 20 th century known as the “Age of the University” 200 colleges were established in US Founding of Junior Colleges First established in 1901, established by 1920 Included broad-based needs of community including vocational and technical training Developments in Higher Education, cont.

13. Webb, Metha, and Jordan Foundations of American Education, 7e © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Education of Minorities Opportunities for education not even across classes or races of people Native Americans Initiated by missionaries trying to convert Treaties and mission schools- trying to assimilate Native Americans to American society Boarding schools established to help remove children from tribal settings Native language and culture excluded from classroom In later 19 th century the Bureau of Indian Affairs operated day schools on the reservation Meriam Report- granted US citizenship to all Native Americans

14. Webb, Metha, and Jordan Foundations of American Education, 7e © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Education of Minorities, cont. Education of Hispanic Americans Life for Mexicans who remained in southwestern states forced to assimilate Segregated in schools Asian Americans Discriminated against like other minorities Marked by segregation Special language needs ignored Black Americans Prior to Civil War- education virtually non-existent After Civil War-Peabody Fund for the Advancement of Negro Education in the South.

15. Webb, Metha, and Jordan Foundations of American Education, 7e © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Education of Minorities, cont. Education of Black Americans, cont. Freedmen’s Bureau- established 3,000 schools -1869 Booker T. Washington Emphasized the dignity of labor rather than academic education Advocated practical education to help make blacks self-sufficient W.E.B. Dubois Believed in education for political and civil equality of blacks Encouraged political activism and founded National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Segregation of Public Schools Remained in effect until desegregation movement of 50’s and 60’s

16. Webb, Metha, and Jordan Foundations of American Education, 7e © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Teacher Education Formal training of teachers in US began in 19 th century Originally chosen for religious beliefs than educational abilities Many times teachers were those who were unsuccessful at other occupations Teacher Institutes Before normal schools, teachers had little training would attend institute Normal Schools Included specific training for teachers Mainly included women Included a model school where students could practice teaching By 1920 programs were 4 years and became teachers’ colleges and later “state colleges” Universities offer Teacher Training

17. Webb, Metha, and Jordan Foundations of American Education, 7e © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Review for Chapter 6 Education in the Early National Period The Common School Movement Leading Proponents of the Common School Movement Secondary School Movement Developments in Higher Education Education of Minorities Teacher Education