1. Chapter 31: An Era of Social Change
Essential Question:
How did minority groups in the United States respond to inequality in American society?
“The times they are a-changin’.”
Bob Dylan
Section 1:
Latinos and Native Americans Seek Equality –1/7/13
Section 2:
Women Fight for Equality- 1/8/13
Section 3:
Culture and Counterculture-1/9/13

2. Latinos and Native Americans Seek Equality
Chapter 31 Section 1
1/6/14

3. Key Terms Cesar Chavez United Farm Workers Organizing Committee
La Raza Unida
American Indian Movement

4. Key Dates
1966- United Farm Workers Organizing Committee (UFWOC) started by Cesar Chavez
1968-American Indian Movement formed
1969- Native Americans seize Alcatraz Island
1970- California Grape Boycott ends
1970- La Raza Unida party formed
1973- Native Americans seize Wounded Knee SD
1972- Native American Education Act
1975- Native American Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act

5. Latino Population Grows
Large and diverse group:
Mexicans
Puerto Ricans
Cubans
Central and South Americans
Many came for different reasons:
Escape poverty and civil wars
Many Cubans came after Cuban Revolution of 1959 to escape communism
Many lacked education
Mexicans generally settled in California and American Southwest
Most worked as braceros or temporary laborers
Settled in segregated neighborhoods called Barrios
Puerto Ricans mainly settled on east coast- New York City especially
Cubans fled Castro
Many settled in Miami and southern Florida

7. The Farm Workers Movement
Many Mexican Americans worked as migrant farm workers
Hard work for little pay and no benefits
Cesar Chavez began organizing unions for Farm Workers
1962 -National Farm Workers Association
1966- United Farm Workers Organizing Committee (UFWOC)
Influenced by MLK- Non-Violent Protest
1965- California Grape Boycott begins
1968- Chavez 3 week hunger strike
1970- Growers finally recognize the union

8. Cesar Chavez

9. Growing Influence 1968- Bilingual Education Act passed
Provided instruction in language other than English in public schools
Political Influence
1960- MAPA Mexican American Political Association formed
st Latino elected to Congress- Henry Gonzalez
nd Latino elected to Congress- Edward Roybal
1970- La Raza Unida- The United People Party
Ran Latino candidates in local elections
Focused on issues for the Latino community

11. Native Americans Struggle for Equality
Hundreds of distinct Native American Groups
Poorest group in America
High unemployment and little economic opportunity on reservations
1953- Termination Policy
Moved Native Americans from reservations to urban areas
Total disaster- Native Americans did not Assimilate/ remained poor
1965- LBJ creates Council on Indian Opportunity
Gives Native Americans more autonomy and promotes economic opportunity on the Reservations

12. Native American Reservation Land

13. The American Indian Movement- AIM
Founded in 1968
Protested for increased Native American Rights
Sometimes led to violence
1969- Alcatraz Island
Indians of All Tribes, a militant group, seized Alcatraz island in San Francisco bay
Offered to pay $24 in beads and cloth for the island
Federal officials removed them after 18 months
1972- Trail of Broken Treaties
Protest march in DC- took over Bureau of Indian Affairs building causing 2 million in damage

18. 1973-Wounded Knee Occupation
AIM led 200 Sioux to Wounded Knee SD
Occupied town and took 11 people hostage
Occupation lasted 71 days
Both sides traded fire continuously
Ended with shootout with FBI and US Marshalls
One Native American and one officer were killed in the fight

19. Native Americans at Wounded Knee, 1973

23. Native American Victories
1972- Indian Education Act
1975- Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act
Gave Native Americans increased autonomy
Most importantly in education
Many groups sued the government over broken treaties and received millions in reparations
Taos in New Mexico were 1st
Others across the country followed in their example

24. Reflection Question
In your opinion, do you believe the protest methods undertaken by Native Americans were justified to achieve their goals?