1. Review OE & ME Internal Issues Mostly

2. OE: What do we know? Vocabulary: It contains a lot of foreign Germanic words: E.g. dryhten, wer, gangol, hran, hlaford Spelling: It’s largely phonetic, but a few surprises E.g. sc; cg; f,v; Ð,ð,þ; wynn and yoghs.

3. OE: Continued Highly inflected grammar: Multiple types of nouns: E.g. stan, stanas; scip, scipu; hors, hors; boc, bec Nouns inflected for gender, case, and number.

4. OE: Continued Strong Masculine Nouns Many masculine nouns follow the basic paradigm of stán: Strong Masculine Noun stán stánSingularPlural Nominative(se) stán(þá) stánas Accusative(þone) stán(þá) stánas Genitive(þæs) stánes(þára) stána Dative(þæm) stáne(þæm) stánum

5. OE: Continued Verbs conjugated more completely Strong and weak adjectives Demonstratives function as relatives Four basic dialects More flexible syntax More complicated pronoun set

6. OE: Continued Third Person Feminine Singular Personal Pronoun Case(Demonstr. Pron.)Pers. PronMod. Engl. Nom(séo)héoshe Acc(þá)híeher (obj.) Gen(þære)hireher (poss.) Dat(þære)hire(to) her Third Person Neuter Singular Personal Pronoun Case(Demonstr. Pron.)Pers. PronMod. Engl. Nom(þæt)hitit Acc(þæthitit (obj.) Gen(þæs)hisits Dat(þæm)himto it

7. OE: Continued Third Person Masculine Personal Pronoun Case(Demonstr. Pron.)Pers. PronMod. Engl. Nom(sé)héhe Acc(þone)hinehim (obj.) Gen(þæs)his Dat(þæm)him(to) him Third Person Plural Personal Pronoun (same for all genders) CaseDemonstr. Pron.Pers. PronMod. Engl. Nom(þá)híethey Acc(þá)híethem (obj.) Gen(þara)hiratheir Dat(þæm)him(to) them

8. OE: Continued Be sure to review Caedmon’s Hymn Lord’s Prayer Opening of Beowulf

9. ME: What do we know? Dialects follow OE dialects Big picture changes: Spelling Simplified Grammar Super-sized vocabulary

10. ME: Continued Norman Spelling Changes Sc  sh or sch Hw  wh Æ  a or e U  ou or ow Medial h  gh or  Þ, Ð, ð, 7  th or w

11. ME: Continued Lots of other spelling variations, but it is still considered phonetic. Note some doubling of vowels to indicate length: sweete.

12. ME: Continued Grammatical Simplification Most endings drop off or result in final e A few variations of endings for plurals (-es versus –en) and verb endings (- eth versus –es) No more strong and weak adjectives Number of pronouns redued

13. ME: Continued Vocabulary 10,000 new borrowing from French A small number from Norman French Many more from Central or Parisian French Also borrowing from others languages, eg. Latin, Arabic, Dutch

14. ME: Continued Dialects: Basically follows the OE dialect areas, but Much more pronounced difference in the North Cultivated Regional Texts Literary Representation of Dialect Note some of the differences on our ha

15. ME: Continued Review these texts: Section from the Canterbury Tales John of Trevisa’s statement about dialect

16. OE & ME