1. AP BIOLOGY ENERGY & METABOLISM Dr. Michael C. Potter Paul VI Catholic High School Fairfax, Virginia

2. AP BIOLOGY ENERGY & METABOLISM ENERGY: Ability to do work States of Energy Potential Kinetic Forms of Energy Mechanical Heat Atomic, etc.

3. AP BIOLOGY ENERGY & METABOLISM Potential Energy Kinetic Energy

4. AP BIOLOGY ENERGY & METABOLISM MEASUREMENT OF ENERGY Calorie: Amount of heat needed to raise 1.0 Gm. H 2 O 1.0 C o Kcal (kilocalorie) Joule: SI unit of work (energy) Energy needed to raise 1.0 Kg. 1.0 meter 1.0 Kcal. = 4.184 kilojoules

5. AP BIOLOGY ENERGY & METABOLISM ALL Energy obtained from Sun 13X10 23 calories per year…or 40 million billion calories/sec. Sun energy stored as potential energy in chemical cmpds.

6. AP BIOLOGY ENERGY & METABOLISM Oxidation Reduction Reactions

7. AP BIOLOGY ENERGY & METABOLISM OXIDATION/REDUCTION REACTION OXIDATION: Molecule LOSES electron REDUCTION: Molecule GAINS electron REDOX REACTIONS i.e. “coupled” reactions

8. AP BIOLOGY ENERGY & METABOLISM OXIDIZING AGENT: Causes oxidation in molecule therefore is reduced REDUCING AGENT Causes reduction in molecule therefore is oxidized “LEO the lion says GER!”

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10. AP BIOLOGY ENERGY & METABOLISM FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS Energy can neither be made nor destroyed; only changed from one form to another The TOTAL AMOUNT of energy in the universe remains constant

11. AP BIOLOGY ENERGY & METABOLISM SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS ENTROPY is increasing, i.e. disorder is more likely than order Entropy is the measure of disorder in a system

12. AP BIOLOGY ENERGY & METABOLISM Second Law of Thermodynamics

13. AP BIOLOGY ENERGY & METABOLISM FREE ENERGY: That energy in a system that is available to do work Free Energy equals ENTHALPY minus ENTROPY times K o

14. AP BIOLOGY ENERGY & METABOLISM Josiah Willard Gibbs Professor of Mathematics Yale University

15. AP BIOLOGY ENERGY & METABOLISM GIBBS FREE ENERGY: Josiah Willard Gibbs ΔG = CHANGE in Free Energy Negative value - exothermic Positive value – endothermic ACTIVATION ENERGY: Energy required to initiate a chemical reaction

16. AP BIOLOGY ENERGY & METABOLISM CATALYSTS: Lower Activation nrg. ENZYMES: Protein catalysts Mechanisms of Action (4) Factors Affecting Activity: Inhibition Competitive Inhibition Non-Competitive Inhibition

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19. AP BIOLOGY ENERGY & METABOLISM ENZYMES: Factors Affecting Activity: Activation “Activators” Maintain “active configuration”

20. AP BIOLOGY ENERGY & METABOLISM ENZYME COFACTORS: Usually inorganic substances e.g. ions COENZYMES: Nonprotein organic molecules (vitamins) NADH (reduced form) FADH 2 (reduced form)

21. AP BIOLOGY ENERGY & METABOLISM COENZYME NADH

22. AP BIOLOGY ENERGY & METABOLISM ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE (ATP) Nucleotide consisting of: Ribose Adenine (N-containing base) Three PO 4 groups Transient Existence (Use it or lose it)

23. AP BIOLOGY ENERGY & METABOLISM Phosphate groups Adenine Ribose

24. AP BIOLOGY ENERGY & METABOLISM Energy (Potential) stored in bond Yields 7.3 kcal/mol when ATP  ADP Provides energy for most endergonic reactions Coupled Reactions

25. AP BIOLOGY ENERGY & METABOLISM EVOLUTION OF METABOLISM 1. Degradation 2. Glycolysis 3. Anaerobic Photosynthesis 4. Nitrogen Fixation 5. O 2 Forming Photosynthesis 6. Aerobic Respiration

26. AP BIOLOGY ENERGY & METABOLISM GLUCOSE CATABOLISM A.STAGE I: GLYCOLYSIS B.STAGE II: PYRUVATE OXIDATION C.STAGE III: KREBS CYCLE D.STAGE IV: ELECTRON TRANSPORT

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31. AP BIOLOGY ENERGY & METABOLISM A.GLYCOLYSIS : A process that occurs in the cytoplasm of every living cell 1. Glucose Priming: This changes glucose into a molecule that can be “cleaved”. Requires 2 molecules of ATP Phosphofructokinase: commits glucose to glycolysis

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33. AP BIOLOGY ENERGY & METABOLISM A.GLYCOLYSIS: 2. Splitting & Rearrangement: Six carbon compound splits to (2) 3 carbon cmpds. Fructose 1,6, Diphosphate into (2) Glyceraldehyde 3 PO 4 “Substrate Level Phosphorylation” Making ATP (4 molecules/glucose)

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35. AP BIOLOGY ENERGY & METABOLISM GLYCOLYSIS: 3. Oxidation: Removal of electrons (energy) & capturing in NADH from NAD +. 4. ATP Generation: 4 reactions that convert G-3-PO 4 to Pyruvate Generates 2 ATP per Pyruvate

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37. AP BIOLOGY ENERGY & METABOLISM GLYCOLYSIS RESULTS IN: Glucose  2 molecules Pyruvate 2 molecules ADP  ATP for each molecule of pyruvate 2 molecules NAD +  NADH from oxidation of glyceraldehyde-3-PO 4

38. AP BIOLOGY ENERGY & METABOLISM B. Oxidation of Pyruvate: Occurs in mitochondrion 1. Aerobic conditions Pyruvate OXIDIZED to Acetyl CoA 2. Anaerobic conditions result in FERMENTATION REACTIONS

39. AP BIOLOGY ENERGY & METABOLISM Metabolism of Pyruvate

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42. AP BIOLOGY ENERGY & METABOLISM FERMENTATION REACTIONS: 1.Lactic Acid Fermentation: Pyruvate REDUCED to Lactate No CO 2 removal NADH  NAD + 2. Alcohol Fermentation: Fungal (Yeast) Cells Pyruvate REDUCED to Alcohol CO 2 Removed; NADH  NAD +

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46. AP BIOLOGY ENERGY & METABOLISM C. KREBS CYCLE: 1. “Priming” Reactions Prepares the molecule for energy extraction Acetyl CoA (2C) joins oxaloacetate (4C) to form Citrate (6C) Citrate isomerizes to Isocitrate

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48. AP BIOLOGY ENERGY & METABOLISM C. KREBS CYCLE: 2. “Energy Extraction”- oxidation reactions disassembling the molecule Decarboxylation Reactions Reduction NAD +→ NADH Reduction FAD + → FADH 2 Regeneration oxaloacetate

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50. AP BIOLOGY ENERGY & METABOLISM D. ELECTRON TRANSPORT System of REDOX reactions Series of membrane electron carriers Ubiquinone (quinone molecule) Cytochromes (contain Fe ++ ) OXYGEN is final electron acceptor Water is final product (two H + ) attach to oxygen

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52. AP BIOLOGY ENERGY & METABOLISM D. ELECTRON TRANSPORT: The movement of electrons down the concentration gradient to O 2 as the final acceptor releases protons (H + ) to the intermembrane space Protons move thru ATP synthase making ATP from ADP (oxidative phosphorylation)

53. AP BIOLOGY ENERGY & METABOLISM Four major components of electron trans- port system

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55. AP BIOLOGY ENERGY & METABOLISM ENERGY (ATP) YIELD per GLUCOSE Glycolysis: 2ATP by substrate level phosphorylation Oxidation Pyruvate: 2 NADH (3 ATP per) Krebs Cycle: 6 NADH (3 ATP per) 2 FADH 2 (1-2 ATP per) 2 ATP via GTP Electron Transport: 32 ATP oxidative phosphorylation

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57. AP BIOLOGY ENERGY & METABOLISM Control of Glucose Catabolism Feedback inhibition Phosphofructokinase inhibited by: ATP levels Citrate levels Phosphofructokinase stimulated by ADP levels AMP levels

58. AP BIOLOGY ENERGY & METABOLISM There is a mutualistic symbiotic relationship between the products of glycolysis and the requirements for photosynthesis. This is an interrelationship between the cell’s mitochondria and chloroplast.

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68. AP BIOLOGY ENERGY & METABOLISM PHOTOSYNTHESIS: LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTIONS 1. Captures energy 2. Makes ATP & NADPH LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTIONS 3. Use ATP & NADPH for synthesis organic compound

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70. AP BIOLOGY ENERGY & METABOLISM PHOTOSYNTHESIS: A process whereby radiant electromagnetic energy (light) is transformed by a specific photo- chemical system located in the thylakoid to yield chemical energy in the form of reducing potential (NADPH) and ATP.

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73. AP BIOLOGY ENERGY & METABOLISM CHLOROPLAST Double membrane, DNA containing organelle Internal membrane formed into: Thylakoids ( contain photosystem ) Grana (stacks of thylakoids) Stroma in internal compartment

74. AP BIOLOGY ENERGY & METABOLISM PHOTOSYSTEM OVERVIEW: Acts as an antenna, i.e. absorbs light energy Energy passed via chlorophyll F ö rster resonance energy transfer Energy transfer @ Reaction Center Membrane Proteins move energy Forms ATP and NADPH

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76. AP BIOLOGY ENERGY & METABOLISM PHOTOSYSTEM OVERVIEW: THE PROCESS OF TRANSDUCTION OF LIGHT ENERGY INTO CHEMICAL NRG, THE PHOTOCHEMICAL EVENT, IS THE ESSENCE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS.

77. AP BIOLOGY ENERGY & METABOLISM ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM Visible Light Spectrum Range from 400nm-750nm Gamma rays to Radio Waves Measured in cps (Hertz) λ is symbol for wavelength

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81. AP BIOLOGY ENERGY & METABOLISM Absorption Spectrum of Chlorophyll a

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84. AP BIOLOGY ENERGY & METABOLISM OVERALL Rx OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS: 6CO 2 +12H 2 O  C 6 H 12 O 6 +6O 2 +6H 2 O Reactions of Photosynthesis are divided into: “Photo”, i.e. light dependent in thylakoid “Synthesis”, i.e. carbon fixation; light independent, occurs in the stroma

85. AP BIOLOGY ENERGY & METABOLISM LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTIONS 1. Primary Photo Event 2. Electron Transport 3. Chemiosmosis May be Cyclic or Noncyclic LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTION 1. Calvin-Benson Cycle CO 2 Fixation Organic Synthesis

86. AP BIOLOGY ENERGY & METABOLISM PHOTOSYSTEMS: a network of Chlorophyll a and accessory pigments held within a protein matrix on the surface of the photo- synthetic membrane.

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88. AP BIOLOGY ENERGY & METABOLISM PHOTOSYSTEMS CONSIST OF: 1. Antenna Complex 2. Reaction Center PHOTOSYSTEM I: Absorption peak of 700nm. (P700) PHOTOSYSTEM II: Absorption peak of 680nm. (P680)

89. AP BIOLOGY ENERGY & METABOLISM NONCYCLIC ELECTRON TRANSPORT Begins with Photosystem II Pheophytin (1 o electron acceptor) Electron Transport Chain Photolysis (splitting water): This is the MOST IMPORTANT chemical reaction on earth.

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92. AP BIOLOGY ENERGY & METABOLISM LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTION Utilizes the materials from the light dependent reactions, i.e. Energy (ATP from Photo 2) Reducing Power (NADPH from Photo 1)

93. AP BIOLOGY ENERGY & METABOLISM CALVIN CYCLE 3CO 2 + 9ATP + 6NADPH + water reacts to yield

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95. AP BIOLOGY ENERGY & METABOLISM CRASSULACEAN ACID PATHWAY Present in warmer climates Allows stomata to close during day (Preserve H 2 O) Characterized by: Cactus Pineapple “Temporal” separation of steps

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99. AP BIOLOGY ENERGY & METABOLISM C 4 PATHWAY (Hatch-Slack Pathway) Allows stomata to close during day Characterized by: Grasses, Sugar Cane, Corn “Spatial” Separation of steps

100. AP BIOLOGY ENERGY & METABOLISM FACTORS AFFECTING PHOTOSYNTHESIS 1.Water Shortage 2.Temperature 3.Light Intensity

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