1. Chapter 1 – The Nature of Science Section 1 – The Methods of Science Objectives Identify the steps scientists often use to solve problems. Describe why scientists use variables. Compare and contrast science and technology. The word science comes from the Latin word scientia, which means ______________. Science is a process that uses ____________ and ___________ to gain knowledge about events in nature. There are three main categories of science. 1. 2. 3. Scientific explanations help you understand the __________ world. Sometimes these explanations __________ as we learn more about the world through new _____________ or performing _______________. knowledge observation Earth Science Life Science Physical Science natural investigation change technology experiments

2. Sometimes this involves simply observing and recording ____________, or it might involve setting up _____________ or making a _______. An organized set of investigative procedures is called a __________________. _____ steps are often found in ____________ __________, but a scientists might ______ steps, _________ steps, or _____ steps when doing an investigation. P. 8, Figure 3. Before designing an experiment, you first must state the ___________. What do you want to find out? It is useful to learn as much background on the problem as possible. This is called __________ and _____________ information. A ____________ is a possible explanation for a problem using what you know and what you observe. It is a ___________ prediction. Hypotheses can be tested in many ways. One common way to test hypothesis is to perform an _____________. It tests the effect of one thing on another using ___________ conditions. observatio n experiments model Scientific method Six Scientific method addrepeatskip problem researching gathering hypothesis testable experiment controlled

3. An experiment usually contains at least two ___________. This is a quantity that can have more than a __________ value. P.9, 1st paragraph. There are two types of variables. Some variables, you, the scientist, will change to see how it affects everything else. This is called an _____________ variable. Variables that change in an experiment due to the manipulation of the independent variable are called ____________ variables. The factors that do not change in the experiment even when other variables change are called ____________. In every experiment, there has to be a standard by which the test results can be compared. This is called a ___________. In an experiment to determine if the popping of popcorn is affected by the temperature at which it is stored, counting the popped kernels is an example of an _______________. Variables single independent dependent constant control Observation

4. A part of an experiment includes _________ observations and ______________ the test data into _________ and _________. This is important so that logical _____________ can be drawn. If your conclusion does not support your hypothesis, you must revise your ___________ or reconsider your ___________. Experiments must be _____________. Findings are ____________ when other scientists perform the ________ experiment and get the ________ results. Sometimes what scientists are observing are too large, small, etc. to see completely. In this case, a scientists would use a ________ to represent an idea, event, or object to help people better understand it. P. 11. If scientist repeat an investigation and the results always support the hypothesis, the hypothesis can be called a ________. It is an explanation of things or events based on knowledge gained from many ____________ and investigation. A __________ accepted today may be discarded in the future. recording organizingtables graphs conclusions experiment hypothesis repeatablesupportable same model theory observationtheory

5. A _______________ is a statement about what happens in nature and that seems to be true all the time. They tell what _______ happen, but they don’t explain _______ it happens. A _________ can be used to explain a _____. Many people use the terms ________ and __________ interchangeably, but they are not the _________. _______________ is the application of science to help people. Ex. – light bulb Scientific law will why theorylaw science technology same Technology

6. Section 2 – Standards of Measurement Objective Name the prefixes used in SI and indicate what multiple of ten each one represents. Identify SI units and symbols for length, volume, mass, density, time, temperature. Convert related SI units. A __________ is an exact quantity people agree to use for comparison. Why is it important to make measurements using a standard? What measurement system was devised by a group of scientists in the late 1700’s? In what year was the metric system improved upon? The metric or SI system of measurement is used worldwide. It is easy to use because it is based on powers of ________ and is easy to convert from one unit to related units. standard Metric system So we can compare with each other. 1960 10

7. What are some disadvantages of using SI? p. 15 You will need to be able to match up the prefix with its multiplying factor Nano prefix meaning.000001 Kilo prefix meaning.001 Centi prefix meaning 1000 Deci prefix meaning 100 Milliprefix meaning 10 Dekaprefix meaning.10 Hectoprefix meaning.01 Micro prefix meaning.000000001 Arrange the following measurements in order from largest to smallest: Kilometer, millimeter, meter, centimeter, micrometer. p. 15 Know the base units. Match up the following. Unit of temperature kilogram(kg) SI unit of time meter(m) Basic SI unit of length second(s) Basic SI unit of mass Kelvin(K) People do not like to change. It will cost money to convert over. Kilometer,meter,centimeter,millimeter,micrometer

8. Rules for Metric Conversion A measurement consists of two parts To convert from larger to smaller units, multiply. To convert from smaller to larger units, divide. A beaker contains.32L of water. What is the volume in milliliters? p.16, Math Skills Activity The size of the unit you measure with depends on the size of the ________ being measured. P. 17, Figure 13 The amount of space occupied by an object is called its ___________. How do you measure the volume of a liquid and in what units? object volume L, mL graduated cylinder

9. How do you measure the volume of a solid and in what units? An mL and a cm3 are equal to each other. Units obtained by combining SI units are called _________ Units. Why is a cubic centimeter an example of a derived unit? ________ is the amount of matter in an object. ________ is the mass per unit volume of a material. Density = mass g or g Volume mL cm3 ______ is the interval between two events. It can be measured in ________, _______, or __________. There are three temperature scales: Kelvin, Celsius, and Fahrenheit. m dv L x W x H derived We had to multiply to get it. Mass Density Time secondsminutes hours

10. For most scientific work, temperature is measured on the ________scale. The SI unit of temperature is the ___________. Zero on the Kelvin scale is the coldest possible temperature, -273oC, or absolute zero. oC + 273 = K Concept map of SI base units. Other than time, how are SI units used in the United States? Celcius Kelvin Base Units Length Meter M Time Second s Mass Kilogram kg Temperature Kelvin K Tools, Automobile, Soda Industry, Medicine

11. Section 3 – Communicating with Graphs Objectives Identify three types of graphs and explain the correct use of each type. Distinguish between dependent and independent variables. Analyze data using various types of graphs. A visual display of information or data is a___. ________ graphs are used to show trends or how the data changes over time. In an experiment, anything that changes is called a variable. There are two kinds, independent and dependent. An independent variable is adjusted by the experimenter. It is placed on the ______ or ________of a graph. It is the most consistent variable. The dependent variable or the most inconsistent variable is placed on the_______ or _______. p. 23, Figure 18 graph Line X horizontal Y vertical

12. In a graph showing how the temperature of a material changes over time, temperature change is the ____________ variable. A________ graph is useful for comparing information collected by counting. P. 25, Figure 20 A ______ or______graph is used to show how some fixed quantity is broken down into parts. Fill in the following table from the p. 26, Figure 21 graph. Heating Fuel % of Usage Why can a diagram like a graph be used as a model? dependent Bar piecircle Gas 50% Steam 25% Electric 10% Coal 10% Other 5% Both are used to represent other things.

13. Example of Line graph and questions. 1. How many grams of sugar dissolve in water at 60°C? 2. At what Celsius temperature will 400 g of sugar dissolve? 3. At what kelvin temperature will 400 g of sugar dissolve in water? 4. How many kilograms of sugar can be dissolved in water at 100°C? 5. What is the dependent variable in this graph? 6. What is the independent variable? 0 20 40 60 80 100 100 200 300 400 500 Grams of sugar Temperature in C Grams of sugar temperature