1. 6 Kingdoms of Life Diversity of Life

2. S7L1:The student will investigate the diversity of living organisms and how they can compare scientifically. b. Classify organisms based on physical characteristics using a dichotomous key of the 6 kingdoms Key concepts include: Organisms can be sorted into groups based on their characteristics similarities and differences. Living things are classified into 6 kingdoms The physical characteristics of organisms in each of the 6 kingdoms

3. As living things are constantly being investigated, new attributes are revealed that affect how organisms are placed in a standard classification system.

4. Why Classify Biologist use a system of classification to organize all living things Scientist all over the world us the same system A organized system makes it easier to classify living things.

5. Carolus Linnaeus Founder of modern taxonomy in the 1700’s --”the science of describing, classifying, and naming things” (holt p 223)

6. Levels of Classification 3 Domains –6 Kingdoms Phylum –Class »Order »Family »Genus »Species

8. Dichotomous Keys “A Tool used to identify organisms that uses a series of paired descriptive statements” (holt, p 227 chp 9 resources\teaching_trans3 right.pdf

9. 1b, 2b, 4b, 6a, 7a longtail weasel 1b, 2b, 4b, 6d,8b, 9b, woodchuck

10. The grouping of organisms into KINGDOMS is based on 3 factors: –1. Cell Type (prokyotic or eukaryotic) –2. Cell Number (unicellular or multicellular) –3. Feeding Type (autotroph or heterotroph)

11. 1. Cell Type- The presence or absence of cellular structures such as the nucleus, mitochondria, or a cell wall Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes

12. Prokaryotes – Bacteria! DO NOT HAVE : An organized nucleus Structured organelles

13. Prokaryotes – Typical Bacteria Basic Structure DNA – strands floating in cytoplasm/small rings called plasmids Ribosomes - RNA/protein synthesis sites Cytoplasm -water based Cell membrane & Wall

15. Eukaryotes DO HAVE: Nucleus organized with a membrane other organelles

17. 2 nd criteria for Kingdom Divisions: Cell Number Unicellular- single celled organism – protozoans, bacteria, some algae Multicellular- many celled organism – cells start to specialize/differentiate

18. UnicellularMulticellular

19. 3 rd Criteria for Kingdom Divisions Feeding Type - How the organisms get their food –Autotroph or Producer Make their own food –Heterotroph or Consumer Must eat other organisms to survive Includes decomposers – those that eat dead matter!

20. There used to be only 5 kingdoms 1.Moneran 2.Protista 3.Fungi 4.Plantae 5.Animalia This kingdom has now been divided into 2 – archaebacteria & eubacteria

22. 6 Kingdoms Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Prokaryotes Eukaryotes

23. KingdomCell TypeCell #Feeding Type ArchaebacteriaProkaryoteUnicellularAutotroph EubacteriaProkaryoteUnicellularBoth ProtistaEukaryoteMost Unicellular Both FungiEukaryotebothHeterotroph PlantaeEukaryoteMulticellularAutotroph AnimaliaEukaryoteMulticellularHeterotroph Cell Wall Yes Yes & NO Yes NO

24. Archaebacteria Ancient bacteria- –Live in very harsh environments –extremophiles

25. Eubacteria It is the eubacteria that most people are talking about when they say bacteria, because they live in more neutral conditions.

26. Bacteria Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotes

27. Bacterial Shapes Bacteria come in 3 main shapes –Rod or Stick (bacilli) –Sphere (cocci) –Helical or spiral (borrelia)

28. Bacterial Locomotion Some bacteria have flagella or cilia for movement Some secrete a slime layer and ooze over surfaces like slugs

29. Bacterial Nutrition Some bacteria are autotrophs and can photosynthesize Some bacteria are heterotrophs

30. Protists Protists include many widely ranging microbes, including slime molds, protozoa and primitive algae. Odds & Ends Kingdom

31. Protista Kingdom There are animal-like, fungus-like, and plant-like protists Some are beneficial Some protists can cause diseases in humans, such as:

32. Protists Disease Amebic dysentery Ameba histolytica

33. Protists Disease Giardiasis (beaver fever) Giardia

34. Protists Disease African Sleeping Sickness Trypanosoma

35. Protists Disease Malaria Plasmodium

36. Protists Disease Toxoplasmosis Toxoplasma

37. Protists Locomotion 3 types of movement: –Pseudopod (false foot) –Flagella/cilia –Contractile vacuoles

38. Protists Nutrition Protists can be autotrophs or heterotrophs

39. Fungi Kingdom The Kingdom Fungi includes some of the most important organisms. By breaking down dead organic material, they continue the cycle of nutrients through ecosystems.

40. Fungi All fungi are eukaryotic They may be unicellular or multicellular All fungi have a cell wall Unicellular (yeast) Multicellular

41. Fungi Fungi can be very helpful and delicious Many antibacterial drugs are derived from fungi Penicillin

42. Fungi Fungi also causes a number of plant and animal diseases: Athlete's Foot

43. Fungi Ringworm

44. Fungi Locomotion Fungi are stationary They have root-like structures that they use for attachment

45. Fungi Nutrition All fungi are heterotrophs - Saprophytes- get their nutrients from dead organic matter - Mutualists – live symbiotically - Parasites – absorb from a host, eventually killing the host

46. There are 4 main types of Fungi (classified by how they reproduce) 1.Zygospore (Zygosporangia) common bread molds reproduce by “spores”- asexual reproduction!

47. Plant Kingdom All plants are multicellular, their cells having a cell wall, and… they are autotrophs

48. 4 important plant groups are the: Mosses (Bryophytes) Ferns (Pteridophytes) Conifers (Gymnosperms) Flowering Plants (Angiosperms) Non-vascular Vascular

49. Nonvascular Plants - Mosses the simplest of all land dwelling plants lack an internal means for water transportation do not produce seeds or flowers -fertilization depends on water medium to get the sperm to the egg. lack a woody tissue necessary for support around their “stems” and so are usually relatively short

50. Mosses

51. Liverworts & Hornworts

52. Vascular Plants Internal transportation System Xylem – water carrying tubes Phloem – sugar carrying tissues enables plants to evolve into larger specimens. Produce Seeds – protects and nourishes an Embryo of the new plant

53. Gymnosperms –Conifers (pine cones) –Oldest vascular plants

54. Angiosperms - flowering plants

55. Animalia Kingdom All animals are: -Multicellular: cells lacking a cell wall -Heterotrophs -Capable of movement at some point in their lives.

56. Criteria for Animal Classification Skeletal Characteristics –Invertebrates have a hard external skeleton made of chitin known as an exoskeleton –Vertebrates have a hard internal skeleton made of bone or cartilage

58. Porifera: sponges

59. Cnidarians: Jellyfish, corals, and other stingers... Their stinger is called a nematocyst

60. Nematocyst

61. Another Cnidarian – the Hydra Hydra can reproduce asexually by “budding” A “bud” is a CLONE of its parent

62. Mollusks –Octopi, squid

63. Mollusks –Clams, oysters

64. Mollusks –Snails, slugs

65. Platyhelminthes (flat worms) –Tapeworms & Liver Fluke & Planaria Human liver fluke

66. Annelids (segmented worms) –Worms & leeches

67. Echinoderms –Starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumbers

68. Arthropods –Shell fish, arachnids & BUGS!

69. Phylum: Chordates –The Chordata is the animal phylum with which everyone is most familiar Subphylum : Vertebrates (backbone) –Bilateral symmetry –Endoskeletons –Closed circulatory systems –Nervous systems with complex brains –Efficient respiratory systems

70. Phylum: Chordates