1. Fungi A spore stalk from a fungus that killed a carpenter ant
grew upward from the ant’s head.

2. All Fungi are…. eukaryotic heterotrophs What does eukaryotic mean?
What is a heterotroph?

3. Categories of Fungi Multicellular Unicellular Most fungi
Do not contain chloroplasts
Honey mushroom
Unicellular
Yeasts

4. Cell Walls
Plants - made of cellulose
Fungi - made of chitin
Chitin is strong and flexible

5. Fungi Parts

6. Fungi Parts - Hyphae
Threadlike filaments that make up the basic structure of the fungi’s body (all parts)
Provide support
Provide a large surface area for nutrient absorption

7. Fungi Parts - Mycelium
A netlike mass made up many hyphae
Formed below ground
Absorb nutrients

8. Fungi Parts - Fruiting Body
Reproductive structure
Above ground portion

9. Obtaining Nutrients & Energy
Through Decomposition
Saprophytic fungi - feeds on dead organisms or organic wastes
Recycle nutrients

10. Obtaining Nutrients & Energy
2. Through Parasitism
Absorb nutrients from living cells of another organisms (a host)
These parasitic fungi grow thread-like mycelium throughout the tree on which they grow. The mycelium steal nutrients from the tree, and cause damage to the structure of the tree.

11. Obtaining Nutrients & Energy
3. Through Mutualism
With another organism, such as a plant or alga
Ex: mycelia on a root of a soybean plant
Fungus receives sugar from the host plant
Mycelia increase water uptake and mineral absorption for the host plant

12. Asexual Reproduction
Budding
New cell develops while attached to parent cell

13. Asexual Reproduction
Fragmentation
The mycelium of a fungus is broken off or “fragmented”
Can grow into new mycelia

14. Reproduction
Spore - a reproductive cell, haploid, has a hard outer coat, will develop into a new organism, produce new hyphae
Asexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction
Produce spores though meiosis

15. Great Barred Frog infected with the chytrid fungus
Branches of Fungi
Great Barred Frog infected with the chytrid fungus
Chytrids
yeast
Common Molds
bread mold
Sac Fungi
morels & truffles, yeast
Club Fungi
Mushrooms
Imperfect Fungi
Penicillium
Bread Mold
Truffle (fungus)
Mushrooms

16. Chytrids
DNA and protein sequences more similar to fungi than protists
Chitin-containing cell walls

17. Common Molds
Stolons:
Hyphae that spread across the surface of food
Rhizoids:
Penetrates the food and absorbs nutrients

18. Sac Fungi
Conidiophores
Spores form at the tips, so they are easily dispersed by wind, water and animals
(Most spores form inside the sporangia, not at the tip)

19. Club Fungi
Dikaryotic mycelia
Each cell has two nuclei

20. Club Fungi Reproduce sexually: Form a basidiocarp (fruiting body)
Hyphae (basidia) produce spores
Two nuclei fuse to form a dipoid nucleus
Divides by meiosis into 4 haploid spores
Dispersed by wind, water, animals

21. Lack a sexual stage of reproduction Called “Imperfect Fungi”
Very diverse group
Lack a sexual stage of reproduction
Called “Imperfect Fungi”
Most fungi reproduce both asexually and sexually

22. Lichens
Symbiotic relationship between a fungus and a alga
Fungus provides protection
The alga provides food (photosynthesis)

23. Lichens are Bioindicators
Very sensitive to changes in environmental conditions
By observing lichen populations and their health, we can monitor the effects of pollution in an area
More pollution  Fewer lichens
Less pollution  More lichens

24. Benefits of Fungi Decomposers - recycle nutrients
Medical uses - penicillin (antibiotic), reduce high blood pressure, control excessive bleeding, treat migtaine headaches, promote contractions during childbirth, prevent organ rejection in organ transplant patients
Food - mushrooms, yeast, truffles
Bioremediation - cleaning the environment of pollutants

25. Harmful Fungi
American elm trees & American chestnut trees killed by certain fungi
Agricultural crops damaged
Can act as parasites in humans & other organisms
Athlete’s foot, ringworm, yeast infections

26. Moldy Bread
Why should you throw away the whole loaf of bread, even if the mold only appeared on one piece?