1. Plant Processes Chapter 12
M.Elizabeth
MLK JHS

2. Review What are the two types of reproduction?
What is the name of the plant female reproductive organ?
What is the name of the plant male reproductive organ?
What is the purpose of reproduction?
What are the two gases involved in photosynthesis?
Where does photosynthesis occur in a plant cell?
What is the name of the pigment which absorbs light energy?

3. 12.1 The Reproduction of Flowering Plants
How does fertilization occur
Sperm cells produced in the stamen must be able to reach eggs in the pistil.
Sperm cells within pollen grains move down the pollen tube which the plant has produced, and into the ovary.
Fertilization occurs when a sperm cell fuses with an egg cell.
A seed is born

4. Flower Anatomy

5. From Flower to Fruit After fertilization the following takes place:
the fertilized egg within the ovule develops into a seed.
The ovary surrounding the ovule develops into a fruit.
The fruit swells and ripens while holding and protecting the developing seeds.
The seeds represent the next generation once germinated and looking like a plant.

7. Seeds Become New Plants
Once a seed is fully developed, the seeds stop developing and become DORMANT.
When seeds are dormant they are inactive and the seeds metabolism stops.
Dormant seeds can survive long periods of drought or freezing temperature.
Once a seed is in an environment with water, oxygen, and a suitable temperature (ideally about 27C or 80.6F) the seed germinates or sprouts.

8. Seed Germination Andrew Syred

9. Asexual Reproduction
Parts of a plant are used to create a new plant without forming flowers or seeds;
Examples:
Strawberry runners
Potato Tubers
Geranium slips

10. Don’t eat green potatoes.
Potatoes belong to the nightshade family, and most green portions of plants in this family contain an alkaloid poison called solanine.

11. 12.2 The Ins and Outs of Making Food
Photosynthesis – light to sugar
Occurs in plant cell chloroplasts
Chloroplast contain chlorophyll, a green pigment that absorbs light energy.
Chlorophyll is green because in the light spectrum green is not absorbed, it is reflected.
The overall reaction involves multiple steps:
6 CO2 + 6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
Gas exchanges occurs through leaf stomata (stoma, singular). Transpiration is the movement of water through the stoma.

12. What are the two gasses involved in photosynthesis?

13. 12.3 Plant Responses to the Environment
Response to Stimuli
Anything that causes a reaction in an organism, organ system, organ, tissue, or cell is a stimulus.
Tropism - Plants growth in respond to a stimulus either:
positively/towards the stimulus or
negatively/away from the stimulus:

14. Tropic Responses Light = phototropism Stems are positively phototropic
moving towards the light stimulus
Roots are negatively phototropic
moving away from the light stimulus
Gravity = gravitropism
Stems are negatively gravitropic
roots are positively gravitropic.

15. Current ideas about Phototrophism
Cells produce a hormone called an auxin, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) while growing
Unequal distribution of auxin causes the bending in phototropism by affecting the cell length of plant cells
High concentration the cells become longer
Low concentrations the cells become shorter

16. Phototropic Effect

17. Adaptive Value of Phototropisms
Roots growing down and/or away from light are more likely to find the soil, water, and minerals they need.
Stems growing up and toward the light will be able to expose their leaves so that photosynthesis can occur.
What is the adaptive value of gravitropism?
Think – Pair – Share

18. Seasonal Responses Length of Day
The length of day changes over a season.
Days are longer in the summer than in the winter.
The difference between day and night length is an important stimulus for many plants.
Length of day is a stimulus that determines when some plants will reproduce.

19. Poinsettia

20. Seasonal Changes in Leaves
All trees lose their leaves
Evergreens and Deciduous Trees
Evergreen trees shed their needle leaves a little at a time
Deciduous trees lose their leaves at the same time each year.
Usually in the fall and winter
Tropics or areas near the Equator have only wet and dry seasons so the deciduous trees shed leaves before the dry season begins.

22. Prickly Pear Cactus
Desert plants live with extremes in temperature, water availability and solar radiation by adapting physically rather than behaviorally.
Most desert plant adaptations seem to be geared towards minimizing water loss; a difficult task since plants must "breathe" in order to photosynthesize, losing body water to the atmosphere in the process..

23. Different Desert Adaptations:
In their effort to survive in a hostile environment, desert plants have three adaptations types that have developed.
Morphological - related to the form and structure of the plant
Physiological - related to the biological function of the plant. Such features may include: · Accumulate water · Self-pruning · Plant chemically shifts temperature
Behavioral - where the plant can survive
Remember plants cannot move · Grow where there is more water · Cracks in the sandstone - where water accumulates

24. Morphological features
Fuzzy or hairy leaf surface
Waxy leaves
Shiny, reflective leaves
Small leaves
Deep tap roots
Extensive surface roots
Thicker leaves
Leaf orientation such that minimizes the area exposed to midday heat
Spines instead of leaves
Grow in shade or self-shade

25. Plant Growth
All living things grow. A plant’s growth is affected by its
Genes: sequences of DNA that code for a particular trait. Heredity the passing of traits from one generation to the next.
Hormones: are chemical messengers that carry information from one part of an organism to another, produced in small quantities when genes are expressed.
Environment: determines behavior and appearance.

26. Plant Hormones
A plant hormone is produced in a part of a plant, then moves through the plant to cause a response in all parts of the plant it contacts.
Five classes of have been identified:
Auxin – growth stimulator,
Cytokinin – growth stimulator
Gibberellin – growth stimulator
Abscisic acid – growth inhibitor, promote dormancy, and help the plant withstand stressful conditions.
Ethylene - growth inhibitors or "aging stimulators". A gas produced and involved in fruit ripening.

27. How Hormones Work
Generally they work by affecting cell division, elongation and differentiation (telling the cell what DNA sequences should be expressed).
Effects of the chemicals vary depending on target area, developmental stage, hormone concentration, and interactions with other hormones.
At the cellular level, the hormones result in gene expression, effects on enzymes, or modifications of cell membrane properties.

28. Review
1. Which of the following statements is NOT true of flowering plants?
a. Fertilization takes place within the flower.
b. They produce seeds in fruit.
c. They use flowers to reproduce asexually.
d. They are the largest group of plants in the world.
2. Flowers can have both male and female reproductive structures. True or False?

29. Review 3. The ovule becomes a _____________after fertilization.
4. A fruit, which protects and holds the seeds, develops from the __________ of a flower.
5. Green light is reflected by chlorophyll. True or False?
6.During photosynthesis, light energy is used to split water into __________ and ____________
7. Sugar is broken down by plant cells for energy during cellular respiration. True or False?

30. Review
8. Transpiration is the loss of water vapor from leaves. True or False?
9. When a tropism is _________, a plant will grow toward the stimulus. (positive or negative)
10. A plant’s traits are determined by heredity. True or False?
11. After seeds develop fully, and before they sprout, they may become ______________. (deciduous or dormant)

31. Review
12. During________________, energy from sunlight is used to make sugar. (photosynthesis or phototropism)
13. The loss of water through stomata is called _______________.(transpiration or tropism)
14. A change in plant growth in response to the direction of light is called_______________. (gravitropism or phototropism)
15. Plants that have leaves year-round are ______________. (deciduous or evergreen)

32. Review
16. Plants that seasonally lose their leaves are _____________.(deciduous or evergreen)
17. Plant cells need carbon dioxide for
a. cellular respiration. b. phototropism.
c. fertilization. d. photosynthesis.
18. When chlorophyll breaks down,
a. pollination occurs.
b. other pigments become visible.
c. red pigments disappear.
d. photosynthesis occurs.

33. Phototropism
Early in the history of science, Darwin kept birds. To provide the birds with vitamins in those days, one needed to grow sprouts. A common species was Phalaris or canary grass!
Darwin noted that the first leaf (coleoptile) of canary grass was very sensitive and responsive to light. He sprouted the seeds in flats and fed the mature seedlings to the birds. But before they made green leaves, the white first leaf (coleoptile) appeared and grew toward the light coming from the nearby window.
Darwin was very curious about this and did a few experiments.