Caring for Common Medical Emergencies

Caring for Common Medical Emergencies
15 Caring for Common Medical Emergencies

Define the following terms:
Objectives Define the following terms: Altered mental status Behavioral emergency Convulsions Diabetes Epilepsy Febrile Generalized seizure Hemodialysis Hyperglycemia Hypoglycemia (continued)

Define the following terms :
Objectives Define the following terms : Overdose Partial seizure Postictal Sepsis Stroke (brain attack) (continued)

Explain the common causes of altered mental status.
Objectives Explain the common causes of altered mental status. Describe the signs and symptoms of a patient with an altered mental status. Explain the appropriate assessment and care for a patient with an altered mental status. Describe the signs and symptoms of a patient experiencing a generalized seizure. (continued)

Objectives Explain the appropriate assessment and care for a patient experiencing a generalized seizure. Describe the signs and symptoms of a patient experiencing a stroke (brain attack). Explain the appropriate assessment and care for a patient experiencing a stroke (brain attack). Describe the signs and symptoms of a patient experiencing a diabetic emergency. (continued)

Objectives Differentiate between the signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia. Explain the appropriate assessment and care for a patient experiencing a diabetic emergency. Describe the signs and symptoms of a patient experiencing an overdose or poisoning. Describe the signs and symptoms of a patient experiencing carbon monoxide poisoning. (continued)

Objectives Explain the appropriate assessment and care for a patient experiencing an overdose or poisoning. State when it is most appropriate to contact the poison control center. Describe the signs and symptoms of a patient experiencing an emergency related to renal failure. Explain the special considerations when caring for a hemodialysis patient. (continued)

Describe the signs and symptoms of an allergic reaction.
Objectives Describe the signs and symptoms of a patient experiencing a generalized infection (sepsis). Explain the appropriate assessment and care for a patient experiencing a generalized infection (sepsis). Describe the signs and symptoms of an allergic reaction. Explain the appropriate assessment and care for a patient experiencing a severe allergic reaction. (continued)

Objectives Describe the signs and symptoms of a patient experiencing a suspected behavioral emergency. Explain the appropriate assessment and care for a patient experiencing a suspected behavioral emergency. Demonstrate the ability to appropriately assess and care for a patient experiencing an altered mental status. (continued)

Objectives Value the significance of an altered mental status as a sign of an unstable patient.

Media Slide 27 Introduction to Seizures Video Slide 29 Complex Partial Seizures Video Slide 30 Tonic-Clonic Seizures Video Slide 44 Diabetes Animation Slide 61 Poisoning Video

Topics Medical Emergencies Evaluating Mental Status
Overdose and Poisoning Behavioral Emergencies

MEDICAL EMERGENCIES

Medical Emergencies Caused by infections, poisons, or failure of one or more of body's organ systems. Signs and Symptoms: Altered mental status Abnormal pulse rate and rhythm Abnormal breathing rate and character Abnormal skin signs Abnormal pupil size or response Critical Thinking: Why is altered mental status a medical emergency that demands attention? (continued)

Medical Emergencies Signs and Symptoms: Unusual breath odors
Tenderness or rigidity in abdomen Abnormal muscular activity (spasms or paralysis) Bleeding or discharges from body Pain Shortness of breath Critical Thinking: What could be the cause of unusual breath odors and why is this significant in the patient with altered mental status? (continued)

Medical Emergencies Signs and Symptoms: Fever or chills
Upset stomach and/or vomiting Dizziness or feeling faint Chest or abdominal pain Unusual bowel or bladder activity Thirst, hunger, odd tastes in mouth Discussion Topic: Discuss vague complaints as they relate to medical emergencies.

Medical Emergencies Assessment
Take appropriate BSI precautions; complete a scene size-up. Perform primary assessment. Perform secondary assessment. Complete reassessments. Comfort and reassure patient while awaiting additional EMS resources.

Think About It You respond to a single-vehicle MVC with minor MOI. Your patient is unresponsive. What conditions could have preceded the collision? How might the EMR proceed with assessment and treatment in this case?

EVALUATING MENTAL STATUS

Evaluating Mental Status
Normal mental status: complete and accurate awareness of one's surroundings. Altered mental status (AMS): decrease in patient's alertness and responsiveness to surroundings. Discussion Question: What criteria are used to judge normal mental status in a patient? How might you determine this?

Common causes: Trauma to head Seizures Stroke (brain attack) Diabetic emergencies Poisonings and overdose Hypoxia (continued)

Common causes: Shock Infection Trauma Psychiatric condition Liver failure Critical Thinking: What are the most immediately life-threatening causes?

Signs and Symptoms: Confusion Seizures Inappropriate behavior Lack of awareness of surroundings Combativeness Syncope (collapse or fainting) Unresponsiveness Critical Thinking: Why might combativeness be a sign of altered mental status? The EMR should be careful not to assume that a combative patient is simply being uncooperative or that the underlying reason is always behavioral.

Assessing the Patient Focus on observation. Obtain complete medical history. Use AVPU scale: Alert Verbal Painful Unresponsive Discussion Question: How would you assess a patient that is nearly unconscious and unable to communicate? How would you obtain a medical history?

Specific Conditions: Seizures Irregular electrical activity in brain that can cause sudden change in mental status and behavior. Can have many causes.

Causes of Seizures: Epilepsy (disorder of brain) Ingestion of drugs, alcohol, poisons Alcohol withdrawal Brain tumors Infections, high fever (febrile) Diabetic problems; stroke Heat stroke; head injury Discussion Question: What clues can the EMR look for to determine if the cause of seizure is an established diagnosis of epilepsy?

Click here to view a video on the topic of seizures.
BACK TO DIRECTORY

Seizures Types: Generalized: loss of consciousness and full body convulsions (uncontrolled muscular contractions). Partial: temporary loss of awareness with no dramatic body movements. Discussion Topic: Review the differences between generalized and partial seizures.

Click here to view a video on the topic of complex partial seizures.
BACK TO DIRECTORY

Click here to view a video on the topic of tonic-clonic seizures.
BACK TO DIRECTORY

Generalized Seizure: Sudden loss of responsiveness Report of bright light, bright colors, sensation of strong odor prior to losing responsiveness Convulsions Loss of bladder and/or bowel control (continued)

Generalized Seizure: Labored breathing (frothing at mouth) Complaint of headache prior to or following seizure Following seizure, patient's body completely relaxes Postictal: the phase of seizure following convulsions Critical Thinking: How might the patient appear during the postictal phase? What clues can the EMR look for to determine that the patient had a seizure and is now in the postictal phase?

Protect the patient from injury by removing objects that he may strike and by placing something soft beneath his head.

Seizure Care Move objects away; place something soft under head. Do not attempt to restrain patient or force anything into mouth. Loosen restrictive clothing. After convulsions have stopped, place patient in recovery position. Point to Emphasize: Do NOT put anything into the patient's mouth. “Bite sticks” should never be used.

Specific Conditions: Stroke Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) or brain attack. Blood flow to brain disrupted. Causes: obstruction or rupture of blood vessel. Portion of brain does not receive adequate supply of oxygenated blood. Discussion Topic: Compare and contrast the differences between obstruction and rupture of blood vessel in the brain. Discuss how this impacts treatment options at the hospital. Critical Thinking: Why is high blood pressure a major risk factor for stroke?

Stroke Signs and Symptoms Headache Syncope (fainting) Altered mental status Numbness or paralysis (extremities or face) Difficulty with speech or vision Confusion, dizziness Critical Thinking: Why might it be important for the EMR to determine the time the signs and symptoms began?

Cincinnati Prehospital Stroke Scale (CPSS) Facial droop Arm drift Abnormal speech Discussion Topic: Discuss the latest advances in stroke care and the significance of “time is brain.”

Altered Mental Status—Stroke: Cerebrovascular Accident

A patient suffering a stroke may have facial droop on one side or the other.

An inability to hold both arms up may be a sign of possible stroke.

Stroke Care Maintain open airway; be prepared to provide ventilations or CPR. Keep patient at rest; protect all paralyzed parts. Provide emotional support. Place patient in recovery position. Do not administer anything by mouth. Critical Thinking: Why would it be important to update responding EMS that you suspect stroke?

Specific Conditions: Diabetic Emergencies Diabetes: disease that prevents individuals from producing enough insulin or from using insulin effectively. Insulin: hormone released by pancreas; allows glucose (blood sugar) to enter cells so glucose can be used. Discussion Topic: Review the difference between Type I Diabetes (formerly referred to as Juvenile Diabetes) and Type II Diabetes (formerly referred to as Adult Onset Diabetes). HOMEWORK: Direct students to research the two types of diabetes and submit a one-page paper that compares and contrasts the two types.

Click here to view an animation on the topic of diabetes.
BACK TO DIRECTORY

Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar): Diabetic who has taken too much insulin, eaten too little sugar, overexerted himself/herself, or experienced excessive emotional stress may develop low blood sugar. Alert patient: provide oral glucose or suitable substitute, if allowed by protocol. Non-alert patient: do not provide anything orally if the patient is unable to swallow. Talking Point: Hypoglycemia is more frequently seen in the emergency setting.

Hypoglycemia: Signs and Symptoms Altered mental status Pale, cool skin; often moist Rapid, strong pulse Dizziness Headache Normal or shallow breathing Very hungry Some patients develop seizures Critical Thinking: Why would low blood sugar cause an altered mental status?

Hyperglycemia: Signs and Symptoms Extreme thirst Abdominal pain Dry, warm skin Rapid, weak pulse Sweet or fruity odor (ketone) breath Dry mouth Restlessness Altered mental status, including coma Talking Point: Since hyperglycemia takes much longer to develop, it is not encountered as often in the pre-hospital setting. It's more commonly found in patients with poor glucose control.

Care for Hyperglycemia If patient is alert and you are not certain if problem is too much sugar or too little sugar, give patient sugar, candy, orange juice, or soft drink. Point to Emphasize: Never give a patient anything orally if the patient has an altered mental status.

Hyperglycemia

Hypoglycemia

Think About It How might hypoxia change mental status?
What steps might the EMR take to immediately rule out hypoxia as a potential cause? Talking Point: Discuss how hypoxia can lead to combativeness and why this should impact treatment priorities.

OVERDOSE AND POISONING

Overdose and Poisoning
Any substance that can be harmful to the body. Overdose When person takes in more medication than is normal.

Commonly Abused Substances
(continued)

(continued) Commonly Abused Substances (continued)

(continued) Commonly Abused Substances

Routes of Exposure Ingestion: taken into body by mouth. Inhalation: taken in by breathing. Absorption: taken into body through skin and body tissues. Injection: delivered directly into bloodstream. Critical Thinking: Which route of exposure might be the most dangerous to the EMR?

Over 60 regional poison control centers in the United States. Note and report any containers at scene. Check if patient has vomited; describe. Check for substances on clothes or if patient is wearing clothing that indicates nature of work. Point to Emphasize: Although historically marketed toward the general public, Poison Control Centers are an invaluable resource to responders.

Click here to view a video on the topic of poisoning.
BACK TO DIRECTORY

Ingested Poisons: Signs and Symptoms Burns or stains around mouth Unusual breath odors, body odors, or odors on clothing or at scene Abnormal breathing Abnormal pulse rate and rhythm Sweating Dilated or constricted pupils Critical Thinking: What substance commonly ingested in adults poses a significant poison risk when ingested by children? Answer: Alcohol (continued)

Poisons come in colorful containers that are appealing to children.
Talking Point: Alcoholic beverages may be seen as appealing to children as well. Poisons come in colorful containers that are appealing to children.

Ingested Poisons: Signs and Symptoms Excessive saliva; foaming at mouth Burning in mouth, throat, painful swallowing Abdominal pain; upset stomach or nausea, vomiting, diarrhea Convulsions (seizure) Altered mental status, including unresponsiveness Discussion Question: What specific questions might the EMR ask while obtaining the history from a patient who has been poisoned or has taken an overdose of a medication (accidental or purposeful)?

The American Association of Poison Control Centers maintains an easy to remember 800 number.

Inhaled Poisons: gases, fumes, vapors, dust. Sources: automobile exhaust systems, stoves, charcoal grills, industrial solvents, spray cans. Indicators: shortness of breath, coughing, pulse rate fast or slow, eyes irritated. Smoke inhalation and carbon monoxide poisoning present at fires scenes. Critical Thinking: You respond to a home for a lethargic child on a particularly cold winter evening following wide-spread power outages due to an ice storm. You enter through the attached garage and notice a generator in use to provide some power to the house. You learn that not only is the child symptomatic, her parents are complaining of headache and nausea. What do you suspect? How do you proceed?

Absorbed Poisons: Signs and Symptoms Skin reactions (mild irritations to severe burns) Hives Itching Eye irritation Headache Increased skin temperature Class Activity: Using a manikin dusted with talcum powder, direct students to work together to move the patient safely.

Injected Poisons Sources: insect stings, spider bites, stings from marine life, snakebites, hypodermic needle, drug overdose or contamination. Signs and Symptoms Noticeable stings or bites to skin Pain at or around wound site Itching Critical Thinking: You respond to a public restroom and find an unresponsive male in his early 20s. He is turning blue and barely breathing. You notice an uncapped hypodermic needle on the floor next to him. What are your concerns? How will you proceed? (continued)

Injected Poisons Signs and Symptoms Weakness, dizziness, or collapse Difficulty breathing; abnormal pulse rate Headache Nausea Anaphylactic (allergy) shock Discussion Question: What signs and symptoms might you see with an allergic reaction? Anaphylaxis? A drug overdose?

Injected Poison Care (Bites and Stings) Scrape away bee and wasp stingers and venom sacs. Do not pull out stingers; always scrape from patient's skin; plastic credit card works well as scraper. Place ice bag or cold pack over bitten or stung area. Talking Point: Do not apply a cold pack to snake bites.

Alcohol Abuse Can lead to illness, poisoning of body, abnormal behavior, even death. Diabetes, epilepsy, head injuries, high fevers, other medical problems can make patient appear drunk. Critical Thinking: Why is it important to know the medical conditions that can cause a patient to appear intoxicated? (continued)

Alcohol Abuse Delirium Tremens (DTs) High blood pressure, rapid heart rate Confusion and restlessness Abnormal behavior Hallucinations Tremors (obvious shaking) of hands Convulsions (seizure activity) Point to Emphasize: Delirium Tremens are a result of rapid withdrawal from alcohol.

Signs of Alcohol Intoxication Odor of alcohol on breath or clothing Swaying, unsteady, uncoordinated movements Slurred speech; inability to carry on conversation Flushed appearance. Nausea, vomiting, or feeling need to vomit Critical Thinking: You respond to a single vehicle/single driver MVC. Your patient appears to have signs of alcohol intoxication. How do you proceed?

Drug Abuse Uppers: stimulants affect nervous system to excite user Downers: depressants affect central nervous system to relax user Narcotics: affect nervous system; change many normal activities of body Discussion Question: How can a patient's fear of legal consequences impact the accuracy of information you can gather during your assessment? (continued)

Drug Abuse Hallucinogens (mind-altering drugs): act on nervous system to produce intense state of excitement or distortion of user's surroundings. Volatile chemicals: initial rush but then depress central nervous system. Critical Thinking: What scene safety considerations might the EMR want to consider upon learning or suspecting a patient is under the influence of hallucinogens?

Drug Abuse Withdrawal from drugs varies patient to patient and drug to drug. Signs and symptoms: shaking, anxiety, nausea, confusion, irritability, sweating, increased pulse and breathing rates. (continued)

Drug Abuse Take BSI precautions and perform a primary assessment. Maintain an open airway and ensure adequate breathing. Administer oxygen as per local protocols. Monitor vital signs and be alert for respiratory arrest. (continued)

Drug Abuse Talk to the patient to gain his/her confidence and to maintain his/her level of responsiveness. Protect the patient from further harm. Continue to reassure the patient throughout all phases of care. Critical Thinking: Why is it good practice to contact medical direction and your local poison control center for suspected drug overdose?

Generalized Infections (Sepsis) Signs and Symptoms Fever Chills Rapid breathing Rapid heart rate Low blood pressure Altered mental status Critical Thinking: You respond to a boarding house where the landlord reports a resident has been sick in bed for several days. You find a male in his late 40s lying supine under several blankets. The patient is incoherent and unable to answer your questions. You begin to assess vital signs and notice his skin is very hot. What are your suspicions? What else could it be? How will you proceed? (continued)

Generalized Infections (Sepsis) Types of Patients Transplant Infants and elderly Radiation or chemotherapy Burn Diabetes AIDS Critical Thinking: Why would these patients be particularly susceptible to sepsis?

Allergic Reactions/Anaphylactic Signs and Symptoms Burning, itching, or breaking out of skin Breathing difficult and rapid Altered mental status Pulse rapid and weak Cyanosis of lips, nail beds Swelling of tongue and throat Restlessness Talking Point: Stress the difference between an allergic reaction and a very severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis). Teaching Tip: Review the state protocols and/or regulations for epinephrine auto-injector by the EMR. (continued)

Allergic Reactions/Anaphylactic Treatment Take appropriate BSI precautions and perform a primary assessment. Ensure a clear airway and adequate breathing. Administer oxygen as per local protocols. (continued)

Allergic Reactions/Anaphylactic Treatment Assist the patient with his/her prescribed epinephrine autoinjector. (Follow local protocols.) Monitor vital signs and ABCs until EMS units arrive.

Kidney (Renal) Failure: when person's kidneys fail to function normally. Signs and Symptoms Weakness Altered mental status Generalized swelling Increased heart rate Increased blood pressure Decrease in urination Talking Point: Discuss the emotional impact dialysis takes on patients who are dependent on hemodialysis to survive. Frequent dialysis treatments (often three times a week) take several hours and can become a burden to the patient. Sometimes patients will become discouraged and skip a treatment or refuse to go and will rapidly decline, causing family members to activate EMS.

Hemodialysis Mechanically filtering blood to remove wastes; excess fluid. Patient with renal failure must receive dialysis at frequent intervals; connected to machine through surgically implanted access point beneath skin of arm. Point to Emphasize: Avoid assessing the blood pressure on the arm with the surgically implanted access point (shunt) found beneath the skin. Use the alternate arm.

Discussion Question: Are there hemodialysis centers in your community?
During hemodialysis the dialysis machine is connected to an access site such as a shunt beneath the skin.

During hemodialysis the dialysis machine is connected to an access site such as a shunt beneath the skin.

Think About It You respond to a home to find an elderly female with fingernail polish on her fingers and around her lips. Her daughter reports that her mother suffers from Alzheimer's and ingested the nail polish. The patient is pleasant and cooperative. How will you proceed? Instructor Note: This call should include a call to the Poison Control center.

BEHAVIOR EMERGENCIES

Behavioral Emergencies
Manner in which person acts or performs. Behavioral emergency Situations where patient exhibits abnormal behavior that is unacceptable or intolerable to patient, family, or community. Discussion Question: How might the signs and symptoms of a behavioral emergency be confused with medical or traumatic reasons for altered mental status?

Assessment/Care Approach with caution; observe for signs of agitation or violence. Do not approach patient if it is not safe. Identify yourself; let patient know you are there to help. Inform patient of what you are doing at all times. Critical Thinking: What steps might you take to de-escalate an agitated patient? (continued)

Assessment/Care Ask questions; calm, reassuring voice. Without being judgmental, allow patient to tell what happened. Show you are listening by rephrasing or repeating part of what is said. Be aware of your posture and body language. Critical Thinking: What specific questions might you ask to assess the risk of suicide? (continued)

Encourage the emotionally distraught patient to tell you what is troubling her.

Assessment/Care Assess patient's mental status. Always consider need for law enforcement. Do not make quick moves; threaten, challenge, or argue; play along with hallucinations or auditory disturbances. Answer questions honestly. Talking Point: Treat people the way you would want someone to treat your family member if s/he were in the same situation.

Law enforcement officers may be needed to approach and control a behavioral patient who may become violent.

Assessing the Potential for Violence Scene size-up History Posture Verbal activity Physical activity Restraining Patients Sometimes necessary to protect patient, yourself, and others. Discussion Question: Why should restraint be used only as a last resort?

Use restraint only as a last resort.
Teaching Tip: Review state regulations regarding patient restraint. Use restraint only as a last resort.

Think About It You respond to a home where a woman reports that her brother has threatened suicide. He is clearly agitated and aggressively refuses contact with you and your partner. How should you proceed?

SUMMARY

Summary Conditions that cause patient to experience altered mental status: Seizures Strokes Diabetic emergencies Poisonings Breathing problems Cardiac events

Summary Presents with range of signs and symptoms: confusion and dizziness to seizures and syncope (fainting). Assessment and care dependent on observing patient's environment and asking questions.

Summary Seizures present with: Clear area around seizing patient.
Sudden unresponsiveness Convulsions Headaches Unusual breathing patterns Clear area around seizing patient.

Summary Stroke signs and symptoms:
Syncope Confusion Partial or full paralysis Headache Difficulty speaking or swallowing Altered mental status Closely monitor for airway compromise, breathing difficulty, cardiac arrest.

Summary Diabetic emergencies present with:
Difficult or unusual breathing Abdominal pain Seizures Dry mouth Extreme thirst Fruity breath odor Altered mental status Unresponsiveness

Summary Hyperglycemia (high blood sugar)
Complain of abdominal pain Extreme thirst and dry mouth Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) Extreme hunger; may resist eating Strong, rapid pulse; shallow breathing Seizures Pale, cool, and moist skin

Summary When EMR cannot determine if diabetic emergency is caused by hypo- or hyperglycemia, care should be same. Administer real sugar, provide oxygen, activate EMS system. Monitor patient's ABCs and make comfortable.

Summary Signs and symptoms of poisoning: Altered mental status
Vomiting; abdominal pain Sweating Abnormal pulse and/or breathing Unresponsiveness Pain when breathing or swallowing Dilated or constricted pupils Weakness or dizziness

Summary Carbon monoxide poisoning Headaches Dizziness Confusion
Seizures Coma

Summary Carbon monoxide poisoning
Primary indicator is patient's surroundings. If patient presents with signs and symptoms and has been near any sort of combustion, suspect carbon monoxide poisoning.

Summary Care for poison or overdose patient: protect airway, administer oxygen, activate EMS system, monitor ABCs. Local, regional, or national poison control center should be contacted.

Summary Sepsis Indicators
Condition where a once isolated infection spreads through patient's bloodstream it becomes a system-wide problem. Indicators Fever, chills, confusion, unresponsiveness, rapid breathing, rapid heart rate, low blood pressure.

Summary Septic patients must be treated at a hospital.
EMR should activate EMS system, provide oxygen, monitor patient's ABCs.

Summary Anaphylaxis: life-threatening allergic reaction.
Altered mental status Difficulty breathing Swelling of throat Support ABCs and assist with prescribed auto injector if available.

Summary Renal failure Dialysis
When kidneys no longer function normally. Dialysis Artificially filtering blood and removing excess water and waste products.

Summary Behavioral emergency: patient is behaving in manner that is intolerable to himself/herself, his/her family, or community. EMRs should ensure their own safety and safety of others near patient. Clearly and calmly identify themselves to patient, ensure EMS system activated, engage patient with clear, effective communication.

REVIEW QUESTIONS

What are the common causes of altered mental status?
Review Questions What are the common causes of altered mental status? What are the signs and symptoms of a patient with an altered mental status? What is the appropriate assessment and care for a patient with an altered mental status? What are the signs of a patient experiencing a generalized seizure? What is the appropriate assessment and care for a patient experiencing a generalized seizure? (continued)

What are the signs and symptoms of a patient experiencing a stroke?
Review Questions What are the signs and symptoms of a patient experiencing a stroke? What is the appropriate assessment and care for a patient experiencing a stroke? What are the signs and symptoms of a patient experiencing a diabetic emergency? How do the signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia differ? (continued)

When it is most appropriate to contact the poison control center?
Review Questions What is the appropriate assessment and care for a patient experiencing a diabetic emergency? What are the signs and symptoms of a patient experiencing an overdose or poisoning? What is the appropriate assessment and care for a patient experiencing an overdose or poisoning? When it is most appropriate to contact the poison control center? (continued)

Review Questions What are the signs and symptoms of a patient experiencing carbon monoxide poisoning? What are the signs and symptoms of a patient experiencing an emergency related to renal failure? What are the special considerations when caring for a hemodialysis patient? What are the signs and symptoms of a patient experiencing a generalized infection (sepsis)? (continued)

What are the signs and symptoms of an allergic reaction?
Review Questions What is the appropriate assessment and care for a patient experiencing sepsis? What are the signs and symptoms of an allergic reaction? What is the appropriate assessment and care for a patient experiencing a severe allergic reaction? What are the signs and symptoms of a patient experiencing a suspected behavioral emergency? (continued)

Review Questions What is the appropriate assessment and care for a patient experiencing a suspected behavioral emergency?

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Caring for Common Medical Emergencies

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