1. Propane-air (SNG) … in the world of natural gas

2. Objectives Synthetic Natural Gas background Applications Guidelines
Summary

3. Natural Gas Readily available Low cost
Most types of equipment use Natural Gas
Clean

4. Natural Gas Disadvantages
Not available in remote locations (but may be planned for future installation)
Demand exceeds supply in peak periods (particularly winter)
Pipelines may break (typically cause extended outages)
Not easily stored at user site

5. Synthetic Natural Gas
May be used in locations planning future natural gas (Bridging application)
May be used to supplement natural gas when supply is limited (Peak Shaving)
May be used to replace natural gas in the event of supply disruption (Back-Up)

6. SNG: A mixture of LPG + Air to simulate Natural Gas

7. SNG Characteristics Direct replacement for natural gas
No burner replacements or adjustments
No pressure changes needed
Works in all fuel applications

8. SNG to NG INTERCHANGEABILTY SNG “acts like” Natural Gas…
Wobbe Index:
a measure of the ENERGY
being provided to a combustion process.

9. Fuel Interchangeability
Wobbe Index
Natural Gas
SG = 0.6 and the Calorific value =935 BTU/SCF
SNG
SG = and the Calorific value = 1421 BTU/SCF
Wobbe Index = =
√ √1.386m
Wobbe = 1207

10. Seamless fuel swapping
Natural Gas:
935 BTU/SCF
0.600 SG
Synthetic Natural Gas:
1.421 BTU/SCF
0.386 SG
Wobbe 1207
No pressure changes
No orifice changes
Seamless fuel swapping

11. SNG Advantages
Available in remote locations (Bridging to build infrastructure while waiting for natural gas)
Adequate supply even in peak periods (Peak Shaving)
No pipelines to break (Available during natural gas outages - Back-Up)
Easily stored at user site

12. Objectives Synthetic Natural Gas background Applications Guidelines
Summary

13. SNG Advantages
Available in remote locations (Bridging to build infrastructure while waiting for natural gas)
Adequate supply even in peak periods (Peak Shaving)
No pipelines to break (Available during natural gas outages - Back-Up)
Easily stored at user site

14. Different Worlds…yet common needs…

15. CASE STUDY
South Korea CityGas Development – Development of natural gas pipeline using off-grid SNG
Pre- 1980’s
LPG Cylinder market with naptha gas in Seoul and Pusan

16. Start with SNG
LPG
SNG

17. Natural Gas Distribution Network
PRS
Gas Grid
During the last few decades, the world had witnessed different changes in defining Natural Gas, to achieve a comprehensive and continuous development and had also realized the strong relation between the economical and environmental development with the human life. Therefore this will lead to the support and the encouragement of the policies of utilization of energy, which aims to protect the environment, fight pollution and utilize pure kinds of fuel, and apply technologies that do not cause harm to the environment. It was found that the Natural Gas is the best alternative because it is the most pure kind of underground source of energy.
70 years of global consumption have already been accounted for, and the prospecting of new deposits currently leaves us with 200 years of natural gas. So the fun is far from over !

18. Natural Gas Arrives
LPG
SNG
LNG

19. South Korea CityGas Development
CASE STUDY
South Korea CityGas Development
Incheon LNG Terminal
Mid 1980’s to
Mid 1990’s
Pyeongtaek LNG Terminal
Tongeyong LNG Terminal

20. Case Example
So. Korea…the Results…
Changed from almost no piped gas to highly developed gas system in ~15 years
SNG became the temporary base fuel
SNG evolved to LNG over time…
Korea: 2nd largest importer of LNG
KOGAS: largest LNG buyer in world
Can be Adapted to other areas

21. Where else could this model work?
Ingredients for success…
Problematic natural gas deliverability and good LPG availability
Significant use of natural gas by both the residential and commercial sector
Social / political unrest due to the energy scenario
Locations where gov’t intervention to such problems can / will occur
Possibilities:
Parts of North Africa
Parts of West Africa
Parts of So. America
Caribbean Basin
South Asia
Parts of Middle East

22. SNG Advantages
Available in remote locations (Bridging to build infrastructure while waiting for natural gas)
Adequate supply even in peak periods (Peak Shaving)
No pipelines to break (Available during natural gas outages - Back-Up)
Easily stored at user site

23. Natural Gas Usage

24. Where else could this model work?
Pakistan

25. Gwadar SNG Facility

26. GAS TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
Pakistan NG Network
Afghanistan
India
IRAN
GAS TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
Transmission (kilometers)
8,000
Transmission capacity (MMCFD)
2,750
Distribution (kilometers)
52,000
Compression (HP)
215,000
Towns/villages connected
930
Number of consumers (million)
3.5
Fields connected 22
RED LINES
SSGC
BLUE LINES
SNGPL

27. Pakistan Supply vs Demand

28. Pakistan Off Grid SNG benefits:
A dire need…
Supply chain facilities are in place
(HUGE expense and time hurdle is eliminated…)
Capacity is available and expandable
LPG marine terminals and storage
Regional LPG supply sources
Political and social motivations

29. In Summary….
SNG could provide 10-20% of the current shortfall of 1050 MMSCFD quickly and cost effectively
In this scenario SNG is a good fit!

30. SNG Advantages
Available in remote locations (Bridging to build infrastructure while waiting for natural gas)
Adequate supply even in peak periods (Peak Shaving)
No pipelines to break (Available during natural gas outages - Back-Up)
Easily stored at user site

31. Recent Large SNG Projects
Argentina (’08)
Client: METROGAS REPSOLYPF / AESA
Chile (’05,’06,’07)
Client: Metrogas SA (3 Phases)
Saudi Arabia (’08)
Client: Arabian United Float Glass Co.
USA (’07)
Client: City Utilities (Missouri)
70 MT/h – fed by liquids pipeline
90 MT/h - fed by road tankers & pipeline
6.5 MT/h - fed by road tankers
35MT/h - fed by road tankers

32. New Pakistan Projects

33. Location: USA
Function: Peak Shaving
Capacity: 1700 MMBTU/h at 150PSIG

34. Capacity: 3900 MMBTU/h total
Metrogas SA: Santiago, Chile
Capacity: 3900 MMBTU/h total
SNG Pressure: 135 / 50 PSIG

35. Chile LPG Storage Tanks
8 x 50 mt mounded Storage Tanks
5 x 7,000 US Gal/h Vaporizers
5 x SNG Blenders
Pressure: 60 PSIG .

36. LPG Pumping System

37. Complete SNG System

38. Metrogas: Buenos Aires, Argentina
(AESA / Repsol-YPF)
Capacity:
2500 MMBTU/h
SNG Pressure: 330 PSIG

39. SNG: Engineered Solutions for Natural Gas Energy markets…

40. SNG: Engineered Solutions for Natural Gas Energy markets…

41. Objectives Synthetic Natural Gas background Applications Guidelines
Summary

42. Guidelines for Equipment Selection
Analyze FULL RANGE of LPG supplies. Design equipment for worst case
Equipment capacity should be determined based on lowest temperatures
Select provider with ASME and UL capabilities IN HOUSE
Ask about world-wide service capabilities
Blender should automatically adjust to compensate for LPG quality

43. Objectives Synthetic Natural Gas background Applications Ely Energy
Guidelines
Summary

44. Conclusions SNG is a overcomes weakness in natural gas supply systems
Well-established technology (40+ years at Ely)
Can be implemented quickly
No other solution offers SNG’s flexibility

45.
Our Thanks…