1. Energy Efficient Steam Systems

2. Steam System

3. Steam System

4. Energy Flows Energy enters a steam system as:
Fuel and combustion air
Makeup water
Pump work
Energy leaves a steam system as:
Heat to the process
Exhaust air
Blowdown
Condensate loss
Flash vapor
Heat loss from the boiler, steam pipes, condensate pipes and deaerator tank.

5. Fuel Use Reduced Fuel use reduced by reducing: Heat to the process
Heat in exhaust air
Blowdown
Condensate loss
Flash vapor
Heat loss from the boiler, steam pipes, condensate pipes and deaerator tank.

6. Energy Saving Opportunities

7. 1) Reduce Steam Demand
Insulate hot surfaces
Cover uninsulated tanks

8. 2) Fix Steam Traps
Steam traps are automatic valves that discharge condensate from a steam line without discharging steam.
If the trap fails open, steam escapes into the condensate return pipe without being utilized in the process.
If trap fails closed, condensate fills the heat exchanger and chokes-off heat to process.
Fixing failed steam traps is highly cost-effective.

9. 3) Insulate Pipes and Tanks
steam pipes
condensate return pipes
condensate return tanks
deaerator tank
valves

10. 4) Preheat Boiler Feed-water Using Exhaust Air
Economizer is heat exchanger that preheats feed-water to the boiler using heat from the exhaust gasses.
Economizers are most cost effective in process boilers that operate all year.

11. Minimize Steam Pressure
Generating steam at excess pressure:
decreases boiler efficiency
increases heat loss
increases flash loss.
Reducing boiler pressure to match the highest required process temperature decreases these losses.
Reducing steam pressure to match local required process temperature reduces flash loss.
Thus, always produce and supply steam at the minimum pressure required to meet the process temperature requirement.

12. 6) Install Automatic Blow Down Controls
Blow down is the practice of expelling steam to reduce contaminant build ups.
Typical blowdown rates range from 4% to 8% of boiler feed-water.
Manual blowdown relies on intuition or periodic testing. Always results in excess blow down that wastes energy or insufficient blow down that creates excess scale on heat transfer surfaces and reduces efficiency.
Automatic blow down reduces energy, water and water treatment costs.

13. 7) Operate Boiler in Modulation Mode
Most boilers are designed for peak load, but operate at part load most of the time.
Efficiency increases as firing rate modulated to part load.
Each time a boiler cycles on and off, it purges natural gas with fan and loses heat.
Efficiency decreases at part load in on/off control.
Installing a burner with a smaller minimum firing rate can eliminate the on/off cycling and reduce fuel use.

14. 8) Adjust Fuel/Air Ratio
Most boilers use linkages that connect natural gas supply valves with combustion air inlet dampers.
Unfortunately, the linkages do not function perfectly, and the air/fuel ratio is seldom held constant over the firing range.
The linkages should be adjusted to maintain 10% excess air high fire.

15. 9) Install O2 Trim
Most boilers linkages do not function perfectly, and the air/fuel ratio is seldom held constant over the firing range.
O2 trim combustion controls regulate combustion intake air to maintain 10% excess air across the entire firing range.
O2 trim most cost-effective for boilers that operate all year long.

16. 9) Install O2 Trim
Original

17. 9) Install O2 Trim
With O2
Trim

18. 9) Install O2 Trim Annual Savings: 1,227 mmBtu, $14,724
Annual Maintenance Cost: $2,000
Cost of O2 Trim System: $30,000
Payback: 28 months

19. 10) Switch to Hot-water System for Low-Temperature Applications
When Treturn < 120 F, condensing boiler efficiency > 90%
When Tinlet ~ 70 F, direct- contact water heaters capitalize on low water temperature, counter-flow design, and large surface areas for efficiency > 98%