1. “Luminous beings are we, not this crude matter!”
-Yoda,
on the nature of The Force

2. Matter Any substance in the universe Has mass, takes up space
There are only two forms of existence in the Universe; matter and energy.

3. Ways to Classify Matter
Composition
Based on what types of particles make up a substance
Elements, Compounds, Mixtures
Phase
Based on how particles are arranged because of Energy
Solid, Liquid, Gas, Plasma

4. Phases
Solids
Particles are locked in a regular, repeating pattern called a crystal lattice
Strong forces between certain solids lead to high melting points

5. More on Solids Hardness
Describes how hard a solid is compared to other solids
Based on the attractive forces between particles in a solid

6. Shape and Volume
Solids do not change shape or volume without adding energy
Wax, glass, Play-Doh, are amorphous solids – they change shape when energy is applied, but retain that shape afterwards

7. Phases Liquids Particles are touching, but not locked in pattern
Particles can “slide” past one another, causing the liquid to flow

8. More on Liquids Viscosity Describes how well a liquid flows
Based on attractive forces between the particles

9. Shape and Volume
Liquids do not change volume but do take the shape of their container
The surface of a liquid is assumed to be parallel to the surface of the Earth when at rest
Amorphous solids are also classified as “super-cooled liquids”

10. Phases Gases Particles are very far apart
Particles collide with each other or their container rarely
These collisions define the “pressure” of the gas

11. Shape and Volume Gases change shape and/or volume
They take the shape of their container, expanding to fill the container
Explains why aromatics/perfumes will spread across a room

12. Phases
Plasma
Like a gas, but MUCH higher energy
Particles collide with so much force, electrons are knocked off of atoms
This creates a “charged gas” state
Plasmas are uncommon on Earth, as they start around 5000ºC
Only in lightning, aurorae

13. Volume Shape Solid Liquid Gas Plasma Definite Takes shape of container
Expands to fill container
Plasma

14. What is the lowest energy state or phase of matter?
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Plasma

15. What phase of matter has particles sliding past one another?
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Plasma

16. What phase of matter is rarely found on Earth?
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Plasma

17. What is the highest energy state or phase of matter?
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Plasma

18. What phase of matter has particles locked in a regular, repeating pattern?
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Plasma

20. Phase Changes
You must add or remove Heat Energy to change from one phase to another

21. Warming up! Three Phase Changes that require added heat energy:
Melting
Going from Solid Phase to Liquid Phase
Vaporization
Going from Liquid Phase to Gas Phase
Sublimation
Going from Solid Phase to Gas Phase

22. Cooling down! Two Phase Changes that require removal of heat energy:
Condensation
Going from Gas Phase to Liquid Phase
Freezing
Going from Liquid Phase to Solid Phase

24. Composition Pure Substance Mixtures
Follow exact measures or proportions
Made up of only one kind of particle
Mixtures
Can be any amounts or kinds of particles

25. Pure Substances Elements Compounds Made of only one kind of atom
All atoms of an element are alike
Found on the Periodic Table
Compounds
Two or more atoms chemically combined
Follows a formula
Cannot be separated except:
by chemical means
to form a new compound

26. Oxygen
Element
Compound

27. Carbon Dioxide
Element
Compound

28. Sodium Chloride
Element
Compound

29. Calcium
Element
Compound

30. Carbon Tetrachloride
Element
Compound

31. Mixtures
Homogeneous
Particles so small or so well mixed that the particles can’t be seen
Also called a solution

32. Solutions Can be any phase in another phase Parts –
Solute – substance being dissolved, usually in less amount
Solvent – substance doing the dissolving, usually in greater amount

33. If air is 78% Nitrogen and 21% Oxygen, which is the solvent?

34. What is the solute in orange juice?
Water
Orange particles

35. Which is the solvent in sweet tea?
Sugar
Water
Tea
Ice

36. What is the solute in muddy water?
Dirt particles

37. Types of Solutions Concentrated – high ratio of solute to solvent
Dilute – low ratio of solute to solvent
Alloy – solutions of metals
Amalgam – solution in Mercury (liquid metal)
Aqueous Solutions – water as the solvent

38. Solution Process “Surround and Separate”
Particles of the solvent pull particles of solute into solution

39. Speeding Up Solutions Agitation Surface Area Temperature
Stirring makes particles collide more often
Surface Area
Grinding up a solute makes it easier to “surround and separate” them into solution
Temperature
Heating a solution speeds up the particles, increasing the number of collisions
NOTE: When dissolving a gas in a liquid, a colder liquid slows down the gas particles and dissolves more total gas

40. Which method of speeding up a solution explains why a powdered aspirin works faster than a tablet?
Agitation
Surface Area
Temperature

41. Which method of speeding up a solution explains why sugar dissolves better in fresh tea than iced tea?
Agitation
Surface Area
Temperature

42. Which method of speeding up a solution explains why Kool-Aid powder has to be stirred into water?
Agitation
Surface Area
Temperature

43. Which method of speeding up a solution explains why you can’t make “Cold Chocolate” out of “Hot Chocolate” powder?
Agitation
Surface Area
Temperature

44. Which method of speeding up a solution explains why soup mix dissolves faster than bouillon cubes?
Agitation
Surface Area
Temperature

45. Solubility
Describes how well a substance will dissolve in 100g of water at a given temperature
Differs with each substance and temperature

46. Amounts of Solute Unsaturated Saturated Supersaturated
Solution has not dissolved as much solute as it can hold
More solute can be dissolved
Saturated
Solution has dissolved as much solute as it can hold
No more solute can be dissolved
Supersaturated
Solution has dissolved more solute than it can hold
Solute will come out of solution if disturbed until it reaches the Saturation Point

48. Heterogeneous Mixtures
Mixtures that are not well mixed
Particles are so large that they can be seen or “picked out”

49. Types of Heterogeneous Mixtures
Suspensions
Temporary mixtures
Particles settle out upon standing
Colloid
Particles do not settle out
Appears as a homogeneous mixture, but the particles scatter light (Tyndall Effect)

50. Physical Properties Any description of a material Physical Changes
Size, color, mass, etc.
Physical Changes
Any change to a material that does not change the material
Reversible

51. Chemical Properties
Any description of a chemical reaction that a substance will undergo
Flammability, inflammability, reacts with water
Chemical Changes
Any change to a material that
Results in one or more new substances with different chemical and physical properties
Has a resulting change in energy
Not Reversible – except to undergo another chemical reaction
Also called Chemical Reactions

52. Melting Ice Chemical Property Chemical Change Physical Property
Physical Change

53. Hydrogen and Oxygen form Water
Chemical Property
Chemical Change
Physical Property
Physical Change

54. A blue car Chemical Property Chemical Change Physical Property
Physical Change

55. Iron ore can be melted to form pure Iron
Chemical Property
Chemical Change
Physical Property
Physical Change

56. Matter & Its Properties
Phases
Phase Changes
Diagrams
Pure Substances
Elements
Compounds
Mixtures
Homogeneous Mixtures
Solutions
Alloy
Amalgam
Aqueous
Solubility
Heterogeneous Mixtures
Suspensions
Colloids
Physical Properties
Physical Changes
Chemical Properties
Chemical Changes