1. Ecosystem Model

2. 3.1 Ecosystems
Factors such as food, water, shelter, and space affect populations in an ecosystem.

3. Introduction

4. What is an ecosystem?
All living & non-living things that interact in an environment

5. Biotic is living things in an ecosystem
Ecosystems
Biotic is living things in an ecosystem
Abiotic is nonliving things in an ecosystem.

6. What are Some Types of Ecosystems?
Terrestrial Ecosystems
Terrestrial ecosystems are ecosystems on land.
They can be as big as a continent, or as small as an island!
They make up about 28% of the entire World’s ecosystems.

7. Examples of Terrestrial Ecosystems
Forests
Deserts
Grasslands
Forest:
Desert:
Grassland:

8. Aquatic Ecosystems
There is something special about aquatic ecosystems.
There is actually two different types of aquatic ecosystems.
One type is freshwater –such as pond , rivers and streams
The other type is saltwater.
Both types, however, are ecosystems that are in the water.
Picture retrieved from:
Aquatic information retrieved from:
And:

9. Saltwater Ecosystems
Saltwater ecosystems are again in the water, but unlike freshwater ecosystems, saltwater ecosystems have very salty water.
They also make up the vast majority of the Earth’s ecosystems.
They are the world’s largest ecosystems.
Some examples of saltwater ecosystems are oceans and coral reefs.
Water picture retrieved from:
Coral reef picture retrieved from:

11. What Do Organisms in an ecosystem need?

12. Organisms in an ecosystem need…
food

13. Organisms in an ecosystem need…
food
shelter

14. Organisms in an ecosystem need…
food
shelter
AIR
Water

15. Organisms in an ecosystem need…
food
shelter
AIR
LIMITING FACTORS
Space
Water

16. What are limiting factors?
Limiting factors are things that can limit the size of a population
Food
Water
shelter
space

17. What are the rules of an ecosystem?
Everything is connected to everything else.
2. Everything must go somewhere in an environment

18. Organisms live together in many different levels and classifications.

20. Levels of Organization in Ecosystems
Species: An organism that creates a viable, fertile offspring through the process of reproduction.

21. Levels of Organization in Ecosystems
Population: A group of organisms of the same species living at the same place at the same time.

22. Levels of Organization in Ecosystems
Community: Different populations of organisms interacting with each other in the same habitat.

23. Levels of Organization in Ecosystems
Habitat: The place and conditions in which a population and biological community exist.

24. Organization Pyramid
Biosphere Ecosystems Communities Population Species Organisms Organ System Organs Tissues Cells Organelles Molecules Atoms

25. Importance of the habitat
Organisms need to satisfy all of their needs for life within their habitats.
They compete for
Food
Water
Shelter
Space

26. Importance of the habitat
Competition- interaction between individuals or populations for available resources. This usually has a negative effect for all organisms.

27. Importance of the habitat
Niche
An organism’s role, or “job” within the habitat and ecosystem.
This includes…..
- The specific area an organism inhabits
- The role or function of an organism or species in an ecosystem.
- The interaction of all biotic and abiotic factors relating to it.

28. Biotic Abiotic Species Community Habitat
Draw and complete chart!
Biotic Abiotic Species Community Habitat
Definition
Example

29. 8L 3.2
Summarize the relationships among produces, consumers, and decomposers including the positive and negative consequences of such interaction.

30. Food Chains and Food Webs
1 What is energy?
2 Why is energy important?
3 What is the ultimate source of all energy?
4 What are producers and autotrophs? Examples
5. How do organisms make their own food?
6. What are consumers and heterotrophs?

31. Food Chains and Food Webs
7. What is a primary consumer? Examples
8. What is a secondary consumer? Example
What are decomposers?
How is energy moved through an ecosystem?
What are trophic levels?
What is a food chain?

32. What is energy?
The ability to do work.
All living things need energy to survive.

33. Why is energy important to an ecosystem?
All organisms require energy for cell function: growth, maintenance, reproduction, locomotion, etc..
For all organisms there must be: A source of energy
2. A loss of usable energy

34. What is the ultimate source of all energy in any ecosystem?
The SUN
Without the sun most basic
forms of life would not exist
Plants, algae, and some
Bacteria convert energy from
the sun into food.

35. Food Chains & Food Webs
Because of this need for energy organism in an ecosystem are connected by feeding relationships.
Energy flows from the sun to organism to organism
Autotroph
Producer
Heterotroph
Consumer
Food Chain
Food web
Trophic level
Biomass
Omnivore
Decomposer
Herbivore
Carnivore

37. What are producers? Organism that make their own
food by capturing energy from
the sun.
Lowest part of the cycle
Also called autotrophs
EX: Plants, green algae, some bacteria

38. How do some organisms make their own food?
Photosynthesis is the process that organisms use to make their food (glucose) from the sun’s light, carbon dioxide and water.

39. What are consumers?
Consumers are organisms that feed on other organisms.
Cannot make their food or acquire the
energy from the sun directly.
Also called heterotrophs
Different types of heterotrophs:
Herbivores - Vegetation
Omnivores - Meat and Vegetation
Carnivores – Meat
Scavengers – meat and decaying meat
Detritivores - Decaying organic matter

40. What is a primary consumer?
A primary consumer is an organism that eats the producer. Like a rabbit that eats a carrot.
Also called Herbivores – only eats plants

41. What are secondary consumers?
Organisms that feed on primary consumers are secondary consumers. Also called Carnivores Ex. A wolf that eats a rabbit

42. Consumers can be further divided into groups:
quaternary consumer (top)
tertiary consumer
secondary consumer
Primary consumer
The last consumer in a chain, which is not usually eaten by any other consumer, is often referred to as the top consumer.

43. What are decomposers?
organisms that feed on dead organism, break them down into simple nutrients or fertilizers.
Also called Detritivores
EX: fungi and bacteria
Earthworms and some
insects

44. What do you think?

45. Consumer or producer?

46. What are they also called?
Consumer or producer?
What are they also called?

47. Primary or secondary consumers?
What are they also called?

48. Primary or secondary consumers?
What are they also called?

49. Primary or secondary producer?

50. Producer, consumer, or decomposer?

51. How is energy move through an ecosystem?
Energy moves from one organisms to another when it is eaten.

52. What are Trophic Levels
Each step in this transfer of energy is know as a trophic level
The main trophic levels are producers, consumers, and decomposers

53. What is the Food Chains ?
The energy flow from one trophic level to the other
A food chain is simple and direct
It involves one organism at each trophic level
Primary Consumers – eat producers
Secondary Consumers – eat the primary consumers
Tertiary Consumer-eat the secondary consumer
Decomposers – bacteria and fungi that break down dead organisms and recycle the material back into the environment

54. Food Chain

55. What is a Food Web Most organisms eat more than JUST one organism
When more organism are involved it is known as a FOOD WEB
Food webs are more complex (not direct) and involve lots of organisms

56. Transfer of Energy
When a zebra eats the grass, it does not obtain all of the energy the grass has (much of it is not eaten)
When a lion eats a zebra, it does not get all of the energy from the zebra (much of it is lost as heat)

58. Law of Thermodynamics
2nd Law of Thermodynamics: energy is not transferred from one object/organism to the next with 100% efficiency.
Some of the energy is lost to the environment.
Energy Pyramid shows the amounts of energy that moves from one level to the next

59. Ecological Pyramid only 10% of energy is passed on through consumption

60. Energy Flow
The ecological pyramid shows the relative amounts of energy or matter.
Producers make up the first level
Consumers make up the second, third and higher

61. Energy Flow
Only about 10% of the energy available within one trophic level is transferred to organisms at the next trophic level.
The other 90% is used by the organism to carry out its life processes or it is lost to the environment
Biomass is the total amount of living tissue within a given trophic level.

62. Ecological Pyramid

63. Energy Flow

65. Food Web: land and water connected

66. Food Web
Notice that the direction the arrow points  the arrow points in the direction of the energy transfer, NOT “what ate what”

67. Ecological Pyramid
An ecological pyramid shows the relationship between consumers and producers at different trophic levels in an ecosystem
Shows the relative amounts of energy or matter contained at each trophic level
The Pyramid shows which level has the most energy and the highest number of organisms

68. Energy Transfer
Only about 10% of energy is transferred from one level to the next
The other 90% is used by the organism to carry out its life processes or it is lost to the environment

69. Food Web

70. Ecological Pyramid Which level has the most energy?
Which level has the most organisms?
Which level has the least organisms?
Which level has the least energy?