1. Chapter 5
Review and Discussion

2. Persian Empire under Darius, 521-486 B.C.E.

3. divided into twenty provinces
Ruling a large empire is a difficult task. How did Darius organize the administration of the realm?
How was the Political government organized?
divided into twenty provinces
What was the role of the Satrap?
each ruled by a Persian satrap or governor
connected by marriage to the royal court
primarily responsible for collecting and forwarding the tribute to the king.

4. How did Darius maintain control of his empire?
Persian control -
building and patrolling the royal roads
Postal system / trade routes
combining central organization with local traditions and ordinances.
Adapted the use of secret agents (used formerly by Assyrians)
Why were the Persians successful rulers?
willing to adapt to local circumstances, to learn from those with experience, and to utilize the skills of non-Persians

5. Describe Persian religious beliefs during the height of the Persian Empire.
Explain Zoroastrianism –
Founder Zoroaster may have lived between ( BCE)
fostered the belief in one supreme deity
encouraged moral and ethical virtues
promised salvation
Saw the world as a struggle between good and evil
Good will prevail
used by Persian leaders to portray the king as having a mandate to bring order to a tumultuous world.

6. How did geography and the environment affect Greek development?
Lacking fertile river valleys, Greece depended entirely on rainfall for agriculture
rocky terrain small mountain ranges
lack of navigable rivers made overland travel, trading, and communication very difficult.

7. Environment Small city-states developed
How did environmental constraints shaped Greek political structures, commerce, and society?
Small city-states developed
Lack of natural resources and the need for agricultural supplies spurred the growth of maritime commerce.
Contact with other peoples brought in new ideas and technologies.

8. Greek Gods People emulated the Gods’ behavior Anthropomorphic
Influenced peoples’ actions
Gods lived on Mt. Olympus
Each God controlled a specific part of the universe.

9. Built between 447 BCE and 438 BCE.
The Parthenon
Dedicated to the Goddess Athena Parthenon.
Built between 447 BCE and 438 BCE.

10. The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
Held to honor Zeus
Trade and wars stopped during games
Only men who spoke Greek were allowed to participate later included Greek colonies
Individual events rather than team
Women were not allowed

11. Governing the City-States
Between 750 B.C.E and 500 B.C.E, the Greeks evolved different forms of government.

12. Review of Governments
monarchy: [‘single ruler'] A government in which a king or queen exercises central power (chosen by birth; hereditary)
aristocracy: ['best-rule'] noble land- holding families (hereditary distinction)
oligarchy: ['few-rule'] small group of business elites like, merchants, farmers and artisans (wealth distinction)

13. New Technique: Phalanx
Each city-state had citizen-soldiers
A new method of fighting emerged called “phalanx”
A massive formation of heavily armed foot soldiers that moved in unison

14. Sparta Military Society Gov: led by two kings and 20 counselors
largest and most sophisticated army in the known world
Forbade: trade, travel and free speech!
Needed army to control slave (helot) population
Outnumbered 20 to 1
Control lasted over 250 years.

15. Reading: Sparta, The training of Youth
Spartan Military Life
Army governed life
What did it mean for a man?
Trained in military
-Started at age 7
-Marry at 20 but live
in barracks
-Retire at 60
53 years of service!
Males can vote at 30
Reading: Sparta, The training of Youth

16. Athens
It is the place where democracy was born.

17. Pericles Pericles was crucial to the expansion of democracy
Allowed the freedom of speech and thought

18. Pericles’ Funeral Oration
“Our constitution is called a democracy because power is in the hands not of a minority but of the whole people.
We alone regard a man who takes no interest in public affairs not as harmless, but as a useless character.”
--Pericles’ 431 B.C.

19. Athenian Democracy
Only those with both parents born in Athens could have citizenship
Athens had a direct democracy: all male citizens had the right to attend the Assembly and a vote.
met 40 times a year
No elections, leaders chosen by drawing lots
Member of 500

20. Was Greek democracy “democratic”?
Greek democracy was not truly “democratic” by modern American standards. Why?
because a sizable portion of the population (women, slaves 1/3 of the population, and immigrants) were not citizens
Only 10 to 15 percent of the population

21. Women: Athens VS Sparta
Taught to read and write
Women were trained in athletic events
Produce strong healthy babies (prefer males)
Taught loyalty to the state
Had Property Rights
No political power
Athens
Seldom allowed in public
No formal education
Could not own property
Primarily responsible for house and domestic duties
No political power
Marriage
Purpose was to create male offspring

22. The Persian Wars: Overview
The threat of the powerful Persian empire united the Greek city-states.
Around 500B.C. Greeks were attacked by the Persians
Greeks joined together to fight Persians
3 Persian Wars ( BCE)

23. The Impact of the Persian Wars
Athens emerged as the most powerful city-state.
Athens used the Delian League (alliance of 150 city states) to create an Athenian empire.
With Pericles as its leader, Athens enters into its Golden Age!

24. The Peloponnesian War: The Alliance System Fails!

25. The Peloponnesian War: CAUSES
Many Greeks outside of Athens resented Athenian domination.
Sparta formed the Peloponnesian League
Sparta and Athens rivaling for supremacy…

26. The Peloponnesian War 27 year war ensues
Pericles brings all the people into the city
He depends on the navy, high walls and food supplies to string out the war

27. A Mysterious Plague Hits Athens!
Plague destroys 1/3 of Athenian population
Plague sweeps through a total of 3 times during the war
Generals are dead, Pericles is dead, no leadership

28. The Peloponnesian War: Effects
Persia gained control of many city-states
Defeated democracy in Greece
Sparta would eventually fall to Persia
Athen’s cultural influence continues

29. Great Philosophers of Greece
What is philosophy?
The word “philosophy” comes from the Greeks.
“Philosophy” by Greek definition means “love of wisdom.”
The Greeks believed that nature followed general rules called “natural laws,” which could be discovered by reason.

30. The Three Great Greek Thinkers Who are they?

31. Socrates No written records His student Plato wrote about him
He believed the goal of education was to improve peoples’ lives
“…the unexamined life is not worth living.”
-Socrates

32. Socrates “Socratic Method”
question & answer approach; helped people recognize they didn’t have all the answers!
“Know thy self”…
Self-examination leads to correct behavior and ethical living.

33. Socrates on Trial----WHY?
Seen by many to not believe in the gods
Feared that he was corrupting the minds of the youth!
He is found guilty and put to death! A scapegoat…

34. Great Philosophers of Greece
“The Death of Socrates” Painted in France in 1787
How does it depict this famous man?
-Noble, dignified & forceful.
-He is ready to meet his death but not before he speaks his mind!

35. Started a school called
Plato
Author of
The Republic
No family or personal property; common good government
Yet the government should regulate every aspect of its citizens lives!
Started a school called
The Academy

36. Plato Rulers should be unselfish.
Believed that only the most intelligent should participate in gov’t.
Believed in finding “truth” through reason!

37. Aristotle Did not agree with his teacher…
Knowledge should be gained from all the senses.
Major influence in Western European culture
Believed women were just “infertile men…” and inadequate

38. Aristotle Wrote Politics Supports family & personal property
A government that features three social classes
Favored a single, strong ruler
Able leaders that have a respect for the law
Responsibilities of citizens to their government

39. The Writing of History Scientific Medicine Begins!
The Greeks applied reason, observation, and logic to the study of history and medicine.
Herodotus is called the “Father of History.”
Herodotus stressed the importance of research.
Medicine
Hippocrates & the Hippocratic Oath – all patients must be treated regardless of class
Hippocratic Oath

40. Alexander the Great (336-323) B.C.E.
Accomplishments
Conquers Egypt, Mediterranean Sea region, Persia, and far as Pakistan
Declared pharaoh in Egypt
Alexander had encouraged blending by marrying a Persian woman and adopting Persian customs.
Builds capital of Alexandria and many other “Alexandria's”! See map

41. The Empire of Alexander the Great

42. The Legacy of Alexander
327 B.C.E. attempts to conquer India
Soldiers rebel from 11 years of exhaustion
Alexander dies in Babylon of malaria after 13 years as king
Empire broken up into 3 Macedonian dynasties
Alexander’s most lasting achievement was the spread of Greek culture

43. Explain what is meant by the Hellenistic Age.
The Hellenistic Age was a period that followed the conquests of Alexander
lasting from about 323 to 30 B.C.E.
During the Hellenistic Age, Greek culture acted as the dominant influence
northeastern Africa and western Asia
The Hellenistic Age boasted new forms of science, art, and scholarship.
The city of Alexandria in Egypt epitomized the Hellenistic Age through its art and architecture, its great library, and its cosmopolitan culture.
Long after Greeks ceased to exert any direct political control on those areas, their culture remained a powerful influence.