1. Anthropometry An Introduction
Lecture Module
FK Unsri
2008

2. “Stretch of the Measuring” Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, 1779
Stadiometer

3. What is Anthropometry? Greek
Anthro- : man
-pometry: measurements
Literal meaning: “measurement of humans”
The study of measurements or proportions of the human body according to sex, age, etc. for identification purposes
Dimensions of bones, muscles, and adipose (fat) tissues

4. History of Anthropometry
1883- Alphonse Bertillon: system of identification depending on the unchanging character of certain measurements of parts of the human body
1884: 241 multiple offenders were identified
“Bertillonage”- first adapted by the French police
1887: introduced in the United States by Major McClaughry, the translator of Bertillon's book, when he was the warden of the Illinois State Penitentiary at Joliet.

5. Alphonse Bertillon: Forensic Anthropometry

6. History of Anthropometry
1888: Francis Galton starts research on “Finger Prints” to further anthropometry
1892: Francis Galton publishes Finger Prints
1894: England adopted the system.
1903: Will West & William West

7. Galton’s Discovery because of Anthropometry?
“My attention was first drawn to the ridges in 1888 when preparing a lecture on Personal Identification for the Royal Institution, which had for its principal object an account of the anthropometric method of Bertillon, then newly introduced into the prison administration of France. Wishing to treat the subject generally, and having a vague knowledge of the value sometimes assigned to finger marks, I made inquiries, and was surprised to find, both how much had been done, and how much there remained to do, before establishing their theoretical value and practical utility.
Enough was then seen to show that the subject was of real importance, and I resolved to investigate it; all the more so, as the modern processes of photographic printing would enable the evidence of such results as might be arrived at, to be presented to the reader on an enlarged and easily legible form, and in a trustworthy shape. Those that are put forward in the following pages, admit of considerable extension and improvement, and it is only the fact that an account of them seems useful, which causes me to delay no further before submitting what has thus far been attained, to the criticism of others.”
Excerpt from Galton’s Finger Prints

8. Applications of Anthropometry
Identification of repeated criminals
Cesare Lombroso's Criminal Anthropology (1895): “murderers have prominent jaws and pickpockets have long hands and scanty beards”.
Eugene Vidocq: identification of criminals by facial characteristics
Prevention of impersonation
Differentiation between the races
Eugenics in Europe
Aryans from Jews: The Bureau for Enlightenment on Population Policy and Racial Welfare recommended the classification of Aryans and non-Aryans on the basis of measurements of the skull and other physical features, “craniometric” certification, required by law. The consequences for not meeting requirements included denial of permission to marry or work, and for many it meant the death camps
Intelligence tests became associated with Anthropometry

9. Debate over Anthropometry
General Problems with Anthropometry:
Cost and error of the instruments used
Education needed to be able to take the measurements
Error in calculation and measurements
Slow
Will West Case

10. Body Identification using Anthropometry
Bertillon used 5 basic measurements:
head length
head breadth
length of middle finger
Length of left foot
length from the elbow to the extremity of the middle finger
Today that list is more extensive:
Gender
Height
Weight
Age
Bicep circumference, buttock depth, chest breadth, elbow circumference, eye height, forearm to hand, ear breadth, head circumference, head length, hip breadth sitting, hip breadth standing, sitting height, waist depth, wrist breadth, wrist circumference to name a few…there are currently 107 measurements

11. Anthropometric Measuring Tools
Anthropometer
Goniometer
Tape
Medical scale
Sliding Calipers: large and small
Spreading Caliper

12. Anthropometric Measuring Techniques
Weight
Stature
Posture:
Standing
Frankfort
Sitting
Arm Span
Head Length
Head Breadth
Ear-to-Head Height
Nasal Length
Nasal Breadth
Skeletal Index = Sitting Height x 100/Stature
Cephalic Index = Head Breadth x 100/Head Length
Nasal Index = Nasal Breadth x 100/Nasal Length
Span/Stature Index = Arm Span x 100/ Stature
Cranial Capacity

13. Anthropometric Measuring Techniques

14. Basic Chart of What is Measured

15. Basic Areas of Where to Measure

16. Basic Anthropometric Measuring Examples

17. Basic Anthropometric Measuring Examples

18. Anthropometry Today Biometrics Nutrition and wellness Ergonomics
Weight Training
Ergonomics
dynamic anthropometry: Measurements taken on and around the figure when it is in any position other than the fixed ones.
Everyday life
Evolutionary Significance
Changes in humans overtime
Monitor growth in children
Cranial Anthropometry

19. Biometrics
the automatic identification of a person based on his/her physiological or behavioral characteristics
Verification vs. identification
Verification: Am I whom I claim I am? involves confirming or denying a person's claimed identity
Identification: Who am I?

20. Biometrics Applications
Forensics: criminal identification and prison security
Prevention of unauthorized access to ATMs, cellular phones, smart cards, desktop PCs, workstations, and computer networks
Automobiles: replace keys with key-less entry and key-less ignition
Border control and national ID cards

21. Biometrics Programs Fingerprint Identification
Hand Geometry: geometric shape of the hand for authenticating a user's identity
Face Location: an arbitrary black and white, still image, find the location and size of every human face
Multibiometrics: integrates face recognition, fingerprint verification, and speaker verification in making a personal identification

24. Biometrics in Use Heathrow Airport- Iris
BenGurion Airport: Hand Geometry
FacePass: Face Verification
Grocery Store Payment: Fingerprint
US- Visit Program
INSPASS: Hand Geometry

25. Cranial Anthropometry
Also known as Craniometry
measurement of the skull and face
3 ways to categorize the skull
dolichocephalic: long and thin
brachycephalic: short and broad
mesocephalic: intermediate length and breadth

26. Terminology Frankfort Horizontal (FH)
A plane passing through three points of the right and left porion and the left orbitale.
First proposed at the Craniometric Congress held in Munich, Germany, 1877.
An orientation of skull in a consistent and reproducible position.
Comparisons: natural head position; horizontal visual axis; and horizontal plane.

27. Frankfort Horizontal

28. Cranial Anthropometry: 16 Facial Zones
en (endocanthion)
eu (eurion)
ex (exocanthion)
ft (frontotemporale)
fz (frontozygomaticus)
g (glabella)
gn (gnathion)
obi (otobasion inferius)
op (opisthocranion)
po (porion)

29. Cranial Anthropometry: 16 Facial Zones (cont.)
n (nasion)
sn (subnasale)
t (tragion)
tr (trichion)
v (vertex)
zy (zygion)

30. Cranial Anthropometry Facial Zones
Maximal cranial breadth
Maximal cranial length

31. Terminology
Basion: the midpoint of the anterior margin of the foramen magnum.
Gnathion: the most anterior and lowest median point on the border of the mandible.
Glabella: the most forward projecting point in the midline of the forehead at the level of the supra-orbital ridges and above the nasofrontal suture.
Opisthocranion: the most posterior point on the skull not on the external occipital protuberance. It is the posterior end point of maximum cranial length measured from glabella. It is determined instrumentally.
Euryon: the two points on the opposite sides of the skull that form termini of the lines of greatest breadth. The two points are determined instrumentally.
Zygion: the most lateral point of the zygomatic arch. It is determined instrumentally.
Orbitale: the lowest point in the margin of the orbit; one of the points used in defining Frankfort Horizontal.

32. Terminology
Porion: the uppermost lateral point in the margin of the external auditory meatus. The right and left porion with the left orbitale define the Frankfort Horizontal
Mastoidale: the lowest point of the mastoid process
Gonion: the midpoint of the angel of the mandible between body and ramus.
Bregma: the intersection of the coronal and sagittal sutures in the midline.
Lambda: the intersection of the sagittal and lambdoidal sutures in the midline.
Nasion: the intersection of the nasofrontal suture with the midsagittal plane. Nasion is the uppermost landmark for the measure of facial height.
Menton: the lowest median point of the chin.
Pogonion: the most anterior point in the midline of the chin.

33. 3- D Anthropometry
3D anthropometry, the measure of humans, can be greatly aided by the use of accurate digital humans. We'll take a look at how to create these types of accurate digital humans and how they can be used for the measurement of entire populations
Programs:
Cyberware
DigiSize
CySlice
Ear Impression 3-D Scanner
SizeUSA: 3D measurement system, a body scanner feeding data into measurement extraction software.
CAESAR: generate a database of human physical dimensions for men and women of various weights, between the ages of 18 and 65
Virtual Models: virtually try on clothes, makeup etc.

34. Future Endeavors of Anthropometry?

35. Standing Height

36. Sitting Height

37. Upper Leg Length

38. Knee Height

39. Arm Length

40. Circumferences
Buttock
Abdominal/waist

41. Skin Fold
Subscapular
Triceps
Suprailiaca

42. Questions?
Thank you for your time!